Jetair Ltd. and Contemporary Companies and Securities Law

Introduction In acting as advisors for the Pilot’s Association Australia and Airlines Union Australia, we seek to explore the legality of the various actions of the Jetair Ltd. ’s Board of Directors which ultimately lead to the hiring of a new staff body in New Zealand by JetairNZ Ltd at a lowered salary and the subsequent redundancy of Jetair Ltd. ’s Australian-based senior managers and pilots. The outcomes sought by the various employee associations seek for firstly, the imposition of the Australian-based wage of Jetair Ltd. s former senior managers and pilots upon the New Zealand-based staff of JetairNZ Ltd. The second outcome sought by the employee associations seeks for the retrenchment of the senior managers and pilots made redundant by Jetair Ltd. The third concern is with regards to ‘excessive’ remuneration of Jetair Ltd. ’s board. In examining these concerns, there are a number of legal areas that must be examined: firstly the relatio nship between Jetair Ltd. and JetairNZ Ltd. s a related body corporate and the various duties owed to both companies by their Board of Directors; the duties owed by the Board of Directors to both companies and the body corporate as a whole and the possibility of conflict of interest; the duty of care owed by the Board of Directors to their employees and the company as a whole; and finally the exploration of the remuneration of Jetair Ltd. ’s Board of Directors as a reflection of the current financial situation of the company.The argument for and against the pursuit of legal action will be based solely upon relevant legislation and case law; therefore the conclusions drawn will be the recommendation for the employee associations in regards to the pursuit of legal action. Related Bodies Corporate – Holding and Subsidiary Companies Given that conducting business with an Australian-based workforce operations, business proved to be cash-flow effective, but unprofitable â₠¬â€œ Jetair Ltd. has sought to pursue a differentiated corporate structure. In order to achieve this, Jetair Ltd. stablished a subsidiary, JetairNZ, in order to gain advantages that were previously unavailable. Incentives for the formation of a subsidiary, foreign or local, are provided for through both the rule of separate entity and limited liability. In the case of Jetair Ltd. the rules listed above provide for the existence of JetairNZ as a separate legal entity (although also functioning as part of the body corporate) with all of the same rights and obligations as any other registered company independent of its parent organization.The provision of limited liability as an individual company allows for the pursuit of extensive operations by the body corporate whilst remaining wary of liability in the case of insolvency of the subsidiary. Therefore, Jetair Ltd may be defined as the holding company whilst JetairNZ may be defined as a wholly-owned subsidiary. As the majority of the Board, three out of five directors, are controlled by Jetair Ltd. we can establish that the Board of Directors of JetairNZ is controlled by Jetair Ltd.From this we can assume that whilst JetairNZ enjoys the status of a separate entity and the overall corporate group is protected through the principle of limited liability; JetairNZ is in effect controlled by Jetair Ltd. Even though it is plausible to assume that Jetair Ltd. is in effect controlling the mind and will of JetairNZ the likelihood of piercing or lifting the corporate veil in order to determine without a doubt the timing, origin and motivation of JetairNZ’s decision to employ new personnel in conjunction with Jetair Ltd. ’s decision to effect a mass lay-off is highly unlikely.Indeed a concise summation of this principle may be credited to Rogers J in Briggs v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (1989) ‘Even the complete domination or control exercised by a parent over the subsidiary is not a sufficient basis for lifting the corporate veil ’1. Given precedence, the Courts would be unwilling to lift the corporate veil given the application of the entity doctrine by the High Court. An encompassing remark made in the case of Varangian Pty Ltd v OFM Capital Ltd [2003] by Dodds-Streeton, that may be relied upon in Jetair Ltd. s case is ‘The underlying unity of economic purpose, common personnel, common membership and control have not been held to justify the lifting the corporate veil’2. 1Briggs v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 549, 588 2 Varangian Pty Ltd v OFM Capital Ltd [2003] VSC 444 at [142] Interestingly, although the issue of redundancy payments is not being questioned by the employee associations – the case of Stanborough v Woolworths Ltd [2005] NSEADT 203 at [44]3, which illustrates a disparity in redundancy payments within a corporate group, illustrates the further application of the doctrine of separate entity which may be applied toJetair Ltd. an d JetairNZ in terms of the variance of remuneration offered and the retrenchment of redundant staff. To argue that the same remuneration be offered to both previous Jetair Ltd. and new JetairNZ employees would prove to be futile given that although they exist within the same corporate group, Jetair Ltd. and JetairNZ are in the eyes of the law separate entities. JetairNZ Board of Directors – Appointment & Control In the formation of JetairNZ, the board of directors appointed by Jetair Ltd. consists of several representatives of Jetair Ltd. and two representatives from the airline industry in New Zealand.As a holding company, Jetair Ltd. is well within the law to appoint its own nominees to the Board of Directors of a subsidiary such as JetairNZ. In fact, this proves to be common practice, with the frequent alignment of interests amongst the company as a whole. Although there is an alignment of interests between both the holding company and subsidiary, in case there is any situ ation in which a conflict of interests arises the directors of a subsidiary such as JetairNZ are required to act in the best interests of the subsidiary, not the company as a whole.In this case, the appointees of Jetair Ltd. currently serving as directors for JetairNZ are obligated to act in the best interests of JetairNZ at all times, precedence is given in the case Walker v Wimbore (1976) 137 CLR 14. Given the question of the enforcement of the previous Australian-wage for all JetairNZ senior managers and pilots, this would have to be in the best interests of JetairNZ alone to be passed by the JetairNZ board. Given that maintaining employees based in New Zealand is relatively less expensive 3 Stanborough v Woolworths Ltd [2005] NSEADT 203 at [44] Walker v Wimbore (1976) 137 CLR 1 in terms of remuneration for JetairNZ, employing an inflated level of remuneration would not be in the best interests of JetairNZ. Should the Board of Directors pursue such an action, they would not be ac ting in the best interests of the company and they would be in breach of duty. Director’s Duty of Care – Company vs. Employees In examining the duty of care owed by the Board of Directors of Jetair Ltd. there exists an inequality of that which is owed to employees and to the company.The first priority of the directors’ is to maximize the value of the company, in order to maximize the earnings of the shareholders in the short- and long-term. However, directors also owe a duty of care to their employees and other various stakeholders in the company – often termed Corporate Social Responsibility. In the case of Jetair Ltd. and the potential action from employees and their relevant associations there exist arguments both for and against Jetair Ltd. ’s redundancy scheme. The arguments against Jetair Ltd. ’s action stem from the consideration for corporate social responsibility of companies – specifically for their employees.However, an exa mination of CMAC Report – The Social Responsibility of Corporations (2006)5 addresses many of the issues arising in the course of companies conducting business – whereby various stakeholders in companies concerns are unaddressed or unsupported by current company law. Whilst the report allows for recognition of the conflicts between companies and various stakeholders it also considered the current company law to be sufficient in granting persons such as the directors of Jetair Ltd. the appropriate powers and obligations to take into account their corporate social responsibility.The report also concluded that any amendment to the Corporations Act 20016 was unsubstantiated. Whilst it is possible to cite 5 Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee (2006) The Social Responsibilities of Corporations 6 The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Corporate Social Responsibility as an argument for the retrenchment of the former senior managers and pilots of Jetair Ltd. , The Social Respo nsibility of Corporations (2006)7 has found that the consideration of stakeholders such as employees may prove to be detrimental to corporate decision-makers primary consideration – the shareholders.There exists a significant argument against the sublimation of the interests of shareholders to pursue the interests of company employees. Simply put, directors of a company should not place the interests of employees before the interests of shareholders as is illustrated in Parke v Daily News Ltd [1962]; whereby we may assume that the fiduciary duties of the directors lie with the shareholders alone. The redundancy payments previously received by former employees are indeed a necessary compensation as they were incidental to Jetair Ltd. carrying on their business, having been a previously agreed contractual obligation.Redundancy payments may also be viewed as a facet of Corporate Social Responsibility, as they frequently appease the employee unions and ease the continuance of bus iness. Jetair Ltd. differentiated their corporate structure, through the creation of a subsidiary and a shift in staffing location and remuneration, in order to achieve lowered operational costs – thereby maximizing shareholder’s value. Jetair Ltd. also upon making the represented employees redundant paid all entitlements, and has not breached the Corporations Act 20019 regarding employee entitlements.From this we may reason that Jetair Ltd. has fulfilled their legal obligation to act in the best interests of the shareholders before their employees; and has also fulfilled their legal obligations regarding employee entitlements whilst also pursuing a measure of Corporate Social Responsibility through the provision of redundancy payments to facilitate their employment transition and ease tension with relevant employee associations. 7 Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee (2006) The Social Responsibilities of Corporations 8 Parke v Daily News Ltd [1962] Ch 927 Corpo rations Act 2001 (Cth) Jetair Board of Directors Remuneration When addressing the issue of dissention of former employees and their associations with the level of remuneration of the board of directors of Jetair Ltd. , it is necessary to explain the procedures regarding director’s remuneration to ascertain if there has been any illegal action. There are several key discussion points as follow: the company constitution, the corporate governance principles, and lastly current opinion regarding high levels of director’s remuneration.Firstly, a director is not permitted to receive any remuneration from their company unless approved by either the company’s constitution (replaceable rules included) or the shareholders. If we assume that Jetair Ltd. ’s constitution provides for the ability of the board to decide their own remuneration; this, although in direct conflict with corporate governance, is not in fact illegal. The assignation of large bonuses in additio n to the usual remuneration was awarded at the AGM in November 2011, and therefore was disclosed to shareholders and passed by a vote either by the shareholders or the board of directors.According to the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations10, Jetair Ltd. must pursue a directors’ remuneration policy of remunerating fairly ad responsibly. In order to prove any wrongdoing by the board of Jetair Ltd. the following must be proved: excessive remuneration leading to oppressive or unfair conduct leading to no/reduced shareholder dividends; deviation from company policies regarding the company’s performance and its effect upon director’s remuneration; or a lack of disclosure of the remuneration of each individual director. 0 ASX Corporate Governance Council(2010) Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations In recent years there has been a shift in public perceptions regarding level of executive and non-executive director’s remuneration; lar gely due to the poor performance of many companies throughout the Global Financial Crisis. This has led to a strengthening of the framework relating company performance to director’s remuneration through the Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011 (Cth)11.Pursuing action regarding the ‘excessive’ remuneration or bonuses of the directors of Jetair Ltd. , in the case that any of the above was substantiated would lead to the return of the ‘excessive’ remuneration to Jetair Ltd. The pursuit of such an action would prove to return value to the company, but would in no way assist in the retrenchment of former employees. Conclusion & Recommendations To conclude it is not recommended for the Commercial Airlines Union and the Pilots Association to pursue legal action against either Jetair Ltd. r JetairNZ. This report has sought to outline any potential courses of action available to the employee associ ations representing the recently terminated Australian-based senior managers and pilots of Jetair Ltd. The arguments against pursuing legal action are based in case or legislative law; and provide legal reasoning for the actions of Jetair Ltd. Although the employees and their associations may at this time feel that the situation is unfair there exists, at this time, no apparent legal wrongdoing on the part of Jetair Ltd. n their establishment of a subsidiary company, termination of current employees, the imposition of a lesser wage for employees of JetairNZ or the recent award of large bonuses in addition to remuneration of the Board of Directors of Jetair Ltd. Word Count: 2,164 11 Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011 (Cth) Sources Cited oASX Corporate Governance Council (2010), Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations oBriggs v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 549, 588 oCorporations Act 2001 (Cth) Corp orations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011 (Cth) oCorporations and Markets Advisory Committee (2006) The Social Responsibilities of Corporations oParke v Daily News Ltd [1962] Ch 927 oLipton, P. Herzberg,A. & Welsch,Michelle (2012), ‘Understanding Company Law’ (16th Edt. ), Corporate Education Services Pty Ltd. oStanborough v Woolworths Ltd [2005] NSEADT 203 at [44] oWalker v Wimbore (1976) 137 CLR 1 oVarangian Pty Ltd v OFM Capital Ltd [2003] VSC 444 at [142]

Creation and Reality †By Michael Welker

Welker has written the book as a major review of creation as a theological theme. Two beliefs drive Welker's understanding of the issue. He is thoughtful to the up-and-coming crossing point with science in his re-examination of what creation is, with reference to new knowledge and with a concern for environmental issues. Secondly, he is aware that theological thinking has become a series of cliches that now needs to be held up to careful study.However most importantly, Welker finds new ways of thinking about creation. Welker structures the writing in a way which enables it to be forthcoming to the reader. Due to the fact that theology can be such a difficult issue for some, being written in a coherent and precise way is exactly what was needed of his writing. Welker’s concerns with the issue are made fairly evident. Through his writing he shows a love for the subjects he discusses, which is highlighted through his deep and thoughtful thinking.With this careful attention to det ail, it backs up the fact that Welker found it very important that he paid attention to detail all the way through the book. In the article, Welker believes the ways in which â€Å"bourgeois theism† has understood creation as a one-sided act of an uplifting God in a single act of lonely sovereignty. Welker suggests that in Genesis 1-2, the â€Å"normative† texts on the subject, such transcendence is not what is offered.Rather, creation is â€Å"the construction of associations of interdependent relations,† a formation and protection of interactions among creatures. From this, two other fresh theses emerge. First, the individual is engaged â€Å"in the activity of separating, ruling, producing, developing and reproducing itself,† that is, in the very actions and functions usually assigned to God. The person is an active agent in the processes of creation.Second, God who presides over the process of creation not only acts, but also reacts to the initiatives taken by the individual. These sorts of statements of course sound strange in the midst; but it is exactly Welker's point that such classical thought has operated with assumptions and categories that are at some remove from the affirmations of the text. From this principle, Welker considers in turn a series of issues including natural revelation, angels, image of God and human dominion, and sin and fall.Welker's small book, is reflective of his larger research program, a claim that theological work now is called and pushed beyond conventional categories with which the church has grown comfortable. The move beyond will much more likely permit theology to make thoughtful contributions that will be taken seriously in other disciplines that now may be the engaged dialogue partners of theology. This is likely to be his main reason for writing the book – his passion for the issues that it involves. References Welker, Michael. Creation and Reality. Fortress Press: Minneapolis, 1999 .

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Accounting - Assignment Example Prepare the entries on Pierson Co.s books related to the transactions that occurred on January 10, February 12, and March 10. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $2,100 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 1% of net sales, and (2) 10% of accounts receivable. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $200 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 0.75% of net sales and (2) 6% of accounts receivable. Credit terms are 2/10, n/30. At March 31, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $1,200 prior to adjustment. The company uses the percentage-of-receivables basis for estimating uncollectible accounts. The companys estimate of bad debts is as follows. At December 31, 2009, Braddock Company had a balance of $15,000 in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. During 2010, Braddock wrote off accounts totaling $13,000. One of those accounts ($1,800) was later collected. At December 31, 2010, an aging schedule indicated that the balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts should be $19,000. On December 31, 2010, Jarnigan Co. estimated that 2% of its net sales of $400,000 will become uncollectible. The company recorded this amount as an addition to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. On May 11, 2011, Jarnigan Co. determined that Terry Fryes account was uncollectible and wrote off $1,100. On June 12, 2011, Fryes paid the amount previously written off. On March 3, Cornwell Appliances sells $680,000 of its receivables to Marsh Factors Inc. Marsh Factors assesses a finance charge of 3% of the amount of receivables sold. Prepare the entry on Cornwell Appliances books to record the sale of the receivables. (For multiple debit/credit entries, list amounts from largest to

Freedom,equality,justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Freedom,equality,justice - Essay Example The root cause of unjust acts in society, according to Karl Marx, lies in the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and resources. Marx considered equality as a purely political value, political notion, and that it belonged to the bourgeois class. However, Marx argued that this class of people use equality to perpetuate class oppression. Political equality according to Marx is a form of procedural equality. The legal system in society accords some people more justice than others. Therefore, this is why Marx considered elements of justice, freedom, and equality as inappropriate for serving as the foundation of his politics. On the other hand, Locke and Kant’s view on equality was that it is based on the amount of possession one owns. In the state of nature and even in today’s centralized authority, there exists inequality in distribution of wealth, depending on one’s level of authority. Therefore, the more wealth one has, the more he stands to achieve equality, m aking equality to be relative to inequality. However, they are of the opinion that the notion of equality, if practised appropriately is still essential in society as it is only through this that freedom can be achieved. This is a backing to Marx’s views, and to an extent shows that equality in society can be hard to achieve, as even communalist societies experience inequality in both power and wealth distribution. On justice, Marx argued that only the bourgeois have the right to justice in society, as this stems from the element of equality. Marx did not regard capitalistic exploitation as unjust on the side of the labourers. He only was against the means through which the bourgeois acquired their wealth and power. However, Kant thought that the concept of equality is associated with the political and social institutions in society. Marx rejected the egalitarian intuition and the fact that any equal standard could be used to formulate some ideal demand of justice. He maintai ned that rights are best if kept unequal. Marx criticized the political, claiming that egalitarianism is an unclear political concept. However, bourgeois equality is based on political equality, which lies on the bourgeois economy. Therefore, according to Marx, bourgeois concepts of justice, morality, and right came up as class interests, and not based on genuine causes. Charles Mills similarly acknowledges the role of class, gender, religion, education, and race, among others in classification of people in society. All these elements according to Mils are the basis of discrimination, inequality, and injustice in society. However, unlike Marx who regarded social stratification as major cause of injustice, Mills refers to the concept of race as the main force behind most evils in society. Social contract according to Mills is fictitious and a reconstruction of the civil society, the racial contract is â€Å"a 'naturalized' account of the actual historical record" (91). Mills argues that the contract concept is still important in the society despite its shortcomings. First, this can be a standard to measure the society’s potential of achieving their political ideals. However, this is only possible if using the contract concept; they can identify and remove obstacles that lie in their way to the achievement of these goals. In addition, the non-whites, in order to determine the moral awareness of the whites, who perpetuate exploitation with their acclaimed superiority, have used the concept of racial contract. Kant and Locke basing on their works in political philosophy share similar views on the racial contrac

A comparison of Public and Private Policing in America Essay Example for Free

A comparison of Public and Private Policing in America Essay The responsibility of citizen protection, property security, and the maintaining of law and order in a community is traditionally taken on by the public police department. The police personnel are hired, paid, and report to officials at various levels of the local government. Local responsibilities usually fall under the umbrella of the city police department or county Sheriff, while other tasks such as patrolling our highways may be the responsibility of the state police. An increase in population, growth of industry, and a rise in crime have resulted in the inability of many police departments to effectively provide services as in the past. The result is the emergence of private police departments and private security companies. Private police departments have been operating since the early 1970’s (although private security companies have been in existence much longer). Large corporations, gated communities, retail establishments, and businesses that engage in government contracting all have formed private police departments. These departments, however, have not been met without criticism, skepticism and debate. Arguments have been made that the private departments are not adequately trained, lack professionalism, and do not have the authority of public police departments. This may be partially true but each private department needs to be examined individually to better assess these arguments. Some private departments require officers to attend law enforcement academies along side officers from municipal departments. This ensures the proper training is obtained and creates a more professional department. The responsibilities of a private police department have also been met with criticism. A comparison of responsibilities shows that many of the private departments perform the same duties and function in a similar manner to that of the public departments. In fact, Zalewski (2007) suggested that â€Å"the functions performed by the private organizations are not dissimilar to the functions of the public services†. Both public and private departments enforce laws, protect lives and property, and are required to report to higher authority. The manner in which, and to whom these responsibilities are carried out do differ in many ways. According to Joh (2006) public police systems and policies are governed by law. The U. S. Constitution, state constitutions, and local ordinances provide parameters establishing many of the procedures used in police work. Public police must also be responsive to requests of an entire community, city, town, or state. The interest of all citizens regardless of where he or she lives or works is protected by the public police. The need to protect all citizens of the community may give some citizens the feeling that not enough patrols are being made because of lack of exposure of the police. All public police officers are required to attend a law enforcement training academy and undergo field training prior to performing the duties and meeting the needs of the community. In many instances psychological evaluations are part of the screening process for entry into the police field. Private police departments and their personnel are governed by the policies established by the business or client paying for the service. An exception to this is a case in which an officer attends a municipal training academy and receives a state certification. These officers are also bound by the policies and regulations set forth by the local government in addition to the business or client. Although Joh (2004) suggested that there is difficulty in distinguishing the differences between the responsibilities, function, and appearance of the departments, the law recognizes an absolute distinction. Joh suggested that the private police are â€Å"unburdened by the constitutional criminal procedure or state regulation†. Zalewski (2007) indicated there were several more distinctions between the public and private police. Training, accountability, and job responsibilities may vary depending on the business or client associated with the private police. They receive minimal training as compared to the public officers. They are accountable to the client or business owner, instead of government officials and the citizens of the community. The job is primarily that of securing the property and interests of the client as compared to the general public as in the case with public police. Private police are also constrained to the boundaries of the client when performing duties. They are not allowed to conduct law enforcement work in the city streets. Training is a very controversial issue in the comparison of public versus private policing. As previously mentioned, public police officers attend an extensive and intensive training program supported by the local and state government. Part of the recruiting process usually involves written, oral and psychological testing to ensure candidates have the capability to learn the legal aspect of the job, and the psychological capability to deal with the unknown and sometimes grueling calls for service. Field training with an experienced officer is also a requirement to allow the recruits the opportunity to demonstrate their acquired skills and learn additional procedures that are better taught in a â€Å"hands-on† environment instead of the classroom. In contrast, O’Leary (1994) suggested that the training of most private police and security officers is limited, at best. The only training some of these officers receive is in the use of firearms. Training in areas such as search and seizure and other legal issues is almost non-existent within a private police department and O’Leary indicated it is critical that officers receive constant training in these areas. An argument against the private police department could be that the lack of training is putting the officers at potential risk. They may be called upon to handle a situation in which they received no training or had limited exposure to it. Although these risks may be associated with the public police also, there is a greater probability that the public police have received more training, and will probably have assistance from other officers patrolling the streets when they come upon a risky situation. Although there are an increasing number of private police departments, the shift away from the public police to maintain community security has been gradual (Noaks, 2000). Most organizations opting for the private policing are do so with extreme care, an in many instances, with the assistance of the public police. For instance, a local gated community has its own private police department. The police are responsible for protecting the lives of the residents within the community as well as patrolling the entire boundary and streets of the property including all of the facilities and buildings. Most of the officers on this department have attended a municipal law enforcement training academy, and therefore, respond to criminal complaints within the boundaries of the property. Summons’ can be issued and arrests made when the officers determine a crime has been committed. Depending on the nature of the crime however, a local public police may also be called in to assist the private police. The local police may have more experience handling particular situations, but also have more resources available to them, such as mental health counselors or social workers, in the event of possible suicide or other domestic cases. The growing population, increase in crime, and limited resources of public police make private police departments valuable assets. Although the controversy and debate over the abilities and responsibilities will probably continue, there is evidence that communities, businesses, and other private entities can benefit from both private and public policing. There are obvious differences in organizational and operational structures between the different departments, but the overall job is quite similar. Both types of departments are tasked with protecting life and property and assisting residents or citizens.

Does Technology Hold the Key to Improved Life Expectancy?

Does Technology Hold the Key to Improved Life Expectancy? Andrew McMahon Stone   Introduction. Life expectancy is the average period a person may expect to live1. Almost universally, females live longest, as do MEDC dwellers. Globally, life expectancy has increased by 40% in the last 50 years (1960s: 50 years – present: 70 years). However, this is just an average so there will be extremes, for example, the oldest recorded person alive now is almost 116 years6 and there are babies that die within days of birth. Technology means developing, applying or studying tools and methods, thus, in context: the machinery used in hospitals; access to knowledge for educational health; and the development and use of medicines. In my family, life expectancy has stayed constant as my great grandparents lived into their eighties, two of my grandparents are still alive (aged 80), although one died at 48 years*. However I think that my brother, my cousins and I will survive for longer, given that my ancestors died from rare, non-genetic causes like cancer and brain haemorrhage. *My great grandfather was in the Great War and was shell shocked and spent the rest of his life in a mental hospital. Causes I believe that the main cause of improved life expectancy is the rate of the country’s technological growth but there are other factors, some natural, some human (Table 1) Table 1: factors affecting life expectancy There exists a correlation between population size and area and life expectancy, especially if we look at ‘extremes’, for example Monaco is the smallest country in the world, by area and almost population, and it has the highest life expectancy rate of 85 years for males and 93 years for females2. Similarly, China has the biggest population and has one of the biggest areas in the world yet it is in the top 100 for life expectancy and is rising with its population2. This might suggest that it is easier to provide access to smaller and larger concentrations of people, but then in the UK, we know that many rural dwellers often have to travel in excess of 40 miles to reach a hospital. This could prove fatal in terms of an emergency if people can’t be reached in time, thus this is where telecommunications technology and internet accessible health education (what to do if a person has a heart attack or stroke) are vital. I am very fortunate to live in an urban area and I have two hospitals within 15minutes drive of my home. Lifestyle choices affect the life expectancy of a person because someone might choose to eat healthily and exercise regularly and so, in theory, have a higher life expectancy than someone who chooses not to. This is a social factor, controlled by personal decisions, but it is mostly an MEDC issue. In LEDCs people often have little/no choice about their lifestyle as they may be limited by food/water supplies. Access to educational information via internet technology may help people make informed choices and improve life expectancies but if disregarded, then access to technology is of no benefit. Hereditary conditions like cystic fibrosis (the UK’s most common life threatening inherited disease7) can affect the life expectancy of a person as the average life expectancy for a person with CF is 37 years. There are70,000 sufferers worldwide)8 . Hereditary conditions affect people in both MEDCs and LEDCs although technologies in MEDCs are helping treat people with CF, so their life expectancy is slowly improving. The cost of such technologies is often prohibitive in LEDCs. Personal income is also a key determining economic factor. Those with more disposable income will have more opportunity to access health technology and more easily afford healthier food choices, which should result in improved life expectancy. However, it can result in poor lifestyle choices like over-eating or binge drinking so can have the opposite effect. This is unfortunately common in MEDCs, particularly the UK and USA, exacerbated by ‘supersize me’ in food outlets and BOGOF offers in supermarkets. War and conflict can be a big contributing factor to lowering life expectancy, with technology contributing in a negative way. Weapons have been developed that can kill more people more easily. Armed forces are mostly composed of men, which help explain why in some countries, they have a lower life expectancy than females. In Cambodia the life expectancy rate went down for men from 43 years in 1966 to 31 years in 1977 and for women from 46 years in 1966 to 34 years in 197714. This was because of a mass genocide by the Khmer Rouge regime15 that killed between one and two million people. In Telford, where I live, the life expectancy for males is 77.4 years which is 1.5 years less than the England average of 78.9 years. And the Telford life expectancy for females is 82 years which is 0.9 years less than the England average of 82.9 years. 9 Technology its impacts on life expectancy The true effects of technology on life expectancy depends on how you define technology; If you define technology as the access to information via the internet I would have thought that the world’s life expectancy would have reacted positively to the exponential growth of internet users in the last 20 years in figure 2. Figure 1 does show that the world’s life expectancy has increased in gradient but only very slightly steeper to the rate of growth before the early 90s. Figure 110: changes in life expectancy global Figure 2: internet users – globally (in red)11 This implies either that there are still countries that dont have a lot of internet users or that the amount of internet users does not directly affect the world’s life expectancy. I believe there is a link. To prove this, 96% of Iceland’s population13 are internet users and the average life expectancy is 81.28 years13, which puts it 6th in the world. Conversely, 0.8% of Eritrea’s population are internet users, the lowest in the world, and its average life expectancy is 61.42 years which is nearly 10 years below the worlds average. Nationally, in the UK, 87% of us are internet users and our average life expectancy is 80.05 years3, although I appreciate that the link between the two isn’t ‘exclusive’. At a personal level I have looked up symptoms to determine what illness I have and also researched how to improve my fitness which I believe will affect my life expectancy. Mobile phone technology enables people to access information about healthy lifestyles. I have a smart phone which can help me access information on any issue I might have with my health so that I can try to combat it. Nationally (UK), there is 97% coverage of the country, which enables almost everyone with an internet enabled phone or broadband connection to access. OAPs are encouraged to gain internet skills via free classes available at local libraries. Another factor contributing to improved life expectancy could be the amount of investment into research and development. Israel put the biggest percentage of their GDP into research and development, 4.2%, and their average life expectancy is 80.96 years which makes them 17th in the world. However Ethiopia only put 0.1 billion dollars into research and development which is only 0.17% of their GDP and I believe that this is a reason why their average life expectancy is 55.41 years, 14 years below the world’s average. In my country, the UK, 1.7% of the GDP is spent on research and development which is equivalent to 38.4 billion dollars5. With that money, university graduates have invented and designed technology to improve life expectancy like the portable defibrillator and the discovery of the hepatitis B vaccine 16. Non-profit organizations have also achieved similar eg a syringe that breaks after the first use to stop the spread of diseases like HIV. At a personal level my lif e expectancy has been enhanced by vaccines and medicines eg Hepatitis B immunisation as a child and the annual influenza vaccine. Continually evolving technology is bringing new developments into existence like 3D printers that can bio-print specific organs to replace failing ones although only a bladder has been printed so far. Personally all of my family have had scans sometime in their lives to diagnose specific illnesses or injuries that, if they and not been diagnosed, might have caused a lower life expectancy, eg bowel cancer screening and breast cancer screening. Technology cannot work without trained professionals! Technology can only hold the key to improved life expectancy if it is properly managed. Trained professionals are needed to operate scanners in hospitals and governments in LEDCs might not be able to afford them or to provide the training to get them and so technology would be irrelevant and ineffectual. Technology is also ineffective in places where infrastructure is either poor or non-existent e.g. electricity and internet access. Scenarios One of the biggest factors that affect life expectancy in LEDCs is maternal and infant health. Maternal and infant mortality rates are higher in LEDCs, further contributing to lower average life expectancies. If we can ensure safer births, we can improve life expectancy and the need to have so many children. This is where technology could come into play to assist midwives in challenging situations. Even without access to electricity and internet, updated written literature and health/hygiene guidance could be provided to help the situation. You could argue that this isn’t technology, but actually you need technology to design, print and distribute the books. And with the relatively new invention of the 3D printer, organizations could make models for midwifery that teach them in a practical way. If everyone in the world had access to technology I do think that globally life expectancy would increase significantly simply because of the sheer wealth of information available on the internet and people being able to gain health education. But the likelihood of everyone having access to technology in the future is low. For some, eg indigenous tribes and small groups isolated from modern civilization, there is a desire to remain untouched by external influences. Charities and wealthier governments could continue to send appropriate technology to LEDCs. I also believe that technology will develop further in the future and will eventually be able to help eradicate diseases and cancers. Conclusion I think that technology is key to improved life expectancy and I think in the future it will become the biggest influential factor. This is because other factors, I believe, will be controlled by technology. People will be able to make informed decisions regarding lifestyle choices and risks of poor lifestyle choices. If this doesnt stop them from choosing that lifestyle then the technology is there to help them with the ‘side effects’ or ‘symptoms’. Hereditary conditions will be easier to treat and cure, I think, enabling improved life expectancy. Quality of life, I also believe, will be enhanced by technology eg better quality housing. Technology is also getting cheaper by the year so should be more affordable. In the future access to clean water wont matter either because if there is an unclean water supply then filters can be fitted. Technology is (and will even more in the future) helping to reduce fatalities from happening when natural disasters occur by, simulating, in the process of building buildings that are less likely to fall, and aiding response times for emergency services to be faster. Bibliography. 1 https://www.google.co.uk/#q=define+life+expectancy – Definition of life expectancy. 2,3,5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancybHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancyy_life_expectancy World rankings for life expectancy in different years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esperanza_de_vida.PNG – World map of life expectancies (2008). http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_tec_ach-economy-technological-achievement Technology achievement index by country. 5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countrHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spendingiHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spendinges_by_research_and_development_spending 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_living_supercentenarians 7 http://www.globaladventurechallenges.com/choose-charity/cystic-fibrosis-trust/ 8 http://www.cff.org/aboutcf/ 9http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebPageHPAwebAutoListDate/Page/1278943975984 10 https://www.google.co.uk/#q=world+life+expectancy 11 http://www.theawl.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Screen-shot-2010-08-17-at-2.11.10-PM.png 12 http://wHYPERLINK http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-diewHYPERLINK http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-diew.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-die 13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_numbHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_userseHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_usersr_of_Internet_users Internet users. 14http://www.google.co.uk/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_met_y=sp_dyn_le00_inhl=endl=enidim=country:KHM:LAO:MMR#!ctype=lstrail=falsebcs=dnselm=hmet_y=sp_dyn_le00_inscale_y=linind_y=falserdim=regionidim=country:KHM:LAO:MMRifdim=regiontstart=-94435200000tend=473644800000hl=en_USdl=enind=false 15http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/20122314155454169.html 16http://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/jul/05/highereducation.uk2 Discoveries by UK universities.

McDonalds Workplace Hygeine

McDonalds Workplace Hygeine Executive Summary This report is to apply the HACCP to check and evaluate the food safety procedures in one of the most famous fast-food company; the McDonald .and also aims at offering some suggestions to correct some of the non-satisfactory procedures. The report will describe it from the following aspects: personal hygiene, cleaning and sanitizing, pest control, garbage disposal, receiving foods, storing foods, cooling defrosting, cooking and holding. McDonald is a leading food service retailer. Just in the USA, it has more than 12,300 traditional restaurants, plus approximately 1320 satellite locations in facilities like hospitals. They serve more than 21.8 million customers a day. So how dose the food safety procedures go on in McDonald is of great importance, which is related to the health of consumers. In order to apply the HACCP to check the food safety procedure, this report does a study of the food safety procedure in the McDonald, and find out that as a successful enterprise, McDonald develops detailed provisions to ensure the food safety procedure, making food safety a key factor to its success. Introduction Produce and serve safe food is the final goal for foodservice operations (Yi-Mei Sun, 2005). It was reported that HACCP system have not yet been homogeneously implemented across all of the food industry (Panisello and Quantick, 2001; G.Campbell-Platt, 2002). The key action, known as critical control points can be taken to reduce or eliminate the risk of the hazards being realized. It is used in the food industry to identify potential food safety hazards at all stages of food production and preparation processes. McDonald, as the biggest fast food retailer in the world, take the food safety as a never-ending process, from raw materials, through the facilities and distribution centers, and all the way to the restaurants. It„ ¢s a top priority at McDonald„ ¢s. (Sarah Fister Gale, 2006). Situational Analysis Personal Hygiene Personal hygiene of the workers is probably one of the most important thing, because the workers need to interact with the customers, and in the McDonald, they are responsible for the dinning environment. McDonald has specific regulations for workers„ ¢ personal hygiene as follows: 1. Clothes must be clean and appropriate. 2. Keep hair clean, ladies„ ¢ face should not be covered by the hair. 3. Men„ ¢s hair should be above the collar, long hair is not allowed. 4. Men need to shave and manicure everyday. 5. Ladies should wear the appropriate make-up. And too much decoration is not allowed. 6. Keep the fingernail clean and short. 7. Maintain oral hygiene and regular bathing. 8. Members of the McDonald„ ¢s restaurant management group need to wear uniforms. 9. Wash hand before going to workstation. Of all the McDonald„ ¢s hygiene standards, most of the regulations are carried out by nearly all the workers in McDonald. But there is the told by one of the workers in McDonald: Sorry to ruin your idea about McDonald„ ¢s and hand washing. I„ ¢ve worked at McDonald„ ¢s for three months, and I never see anyone wear gloves, or wash their hands, managers included. Since this comments comes from the forum, it is difficult for us the judge its reliability. However, the suggestions for the McDonald manager is that, they need to pay more attention to the workers personal hygiene, and try their best the make the situation much better. Cleaning and Sanitizing Cleaning and Sanitizing are necessary processes to create a clean and nice environment for the customers in the McDonald. According to the HACCP, cleaning and sanitizing should follow four steps: pre-clean, main clean, sanities and drying. Regulations concerned about cleaning and sanitizing in the McDonald are: Pre-clean: 1. The dining tables, chairs ,windows and equipment should be spotless. 2. All the tableware and machine should be completely cleaned and sanitizing after work. 3. The glass must be rub everyday 4. The parking lot must be flush everyday 5. The trash bin must be brushed everyday Main clean: McDonald makes a readily cleaning regulation to main clean. Readily cleaning regulation means anybody in any position must clean the peripheral position to keep the position clean. What is more, the McDonald has its own special method to simplify the clean and sanitizing job and save the time spent on clean and sanitizing. Firstly, they use lots of paper, plastic and other disposable tableware. This means, the worker only needs to put the table wares which are left by the customers when they finish into the garbage bin, and clean the table. Then everything is done. Secondly, they use trays and trays of paper, which are convenient for the customers to carry, and reduce the chance to dirt the desk. And as a result ,save the time spent on cleaning the table. Finally, all the kitchen equipments are of stainless steel surface. As the stainless steel surface is easy to clean, the efficiency of cleaning work is improved. Pest control Pest control is also of great importance. Nobody likes the presence of pests which transmit diseases. Here is what has been done in McDonald concerned about pest control: 1.McDonald especially focus on the controlling of cockroach. 2 In the entrance of the distribution center, a kind of special yellow light has been designed to drive the fly. 3 The inside of the distribution center has been painted white, especially the floor around the warehouse. Then it will be much easy to trace the cockroach and the mouse. and some actions can be taken to prevent bad ting from happening. In McDonald, the keys to successful pest controls are as follows: 1. Correct identification of the pest is the first step in control, because information on pest biology, ecology, and behavior can be easily obtained if the pest is known. 2. It is important to detect pest problems early. Careful visual inspections can help in early detection of infestations. 3. Control measures must be timed to target the most vulnerable stage of pests. as many pests are susceptible to control measures at certain times in their lives. Garbage disposal There are many garbage need to dispose everyday in McDonald. In order to protect the environment , McDonald uses paper bags instead of bags. Here are the regulations related to garbage disposal in McDonald: 1 Disposal garbage day and never leave them until tomorrow. 2 Workers must clean the place around them at anytime. 3 Use different trash bins to separate the different kinds of garbage. 4 Wear gloves when dispose garbage 5 Wash hand after disposing garbage Although garbage disposal is a small little thing, attention should be paid to, otherwise it will be harmful to the cleaning procedure. Receiving foods According to the HACCP, the receiving contains the following aspects, and this report wills analysis the situation in the McDonald following the HACCP: 1. Approved source. To make all the products has the same flavor, the McDonald especially focus on the standardization of raw materials. And all the materials must be offered by the McDonald distribution center. 2. Choosing the suppliers Knowing that suppliers are a major player in fulfilling its promise and adhering to its social responsibility, McDonal„ ¢s ensures 100% eligibility before adding any resource to its database of approved suppliers. To quality as a McDonald„ ¢s supplier, they must meet the McDonald„ ¢s internal food safety standards, product specification and farm biosecurity policies 3. Guality supervision and inspection The McDonald has stringent procurement standards. The purchasing department is responsible for quality supervision and inspection of the raw materials of the suppliers. When a defective product is found, it should be return immediately. And the suppliers should solve the problem as soon as possible. If the suppliers can not solve the problem before the deadline, their qualification for suppliers will be canceled. So the goods receiving procedure of the McDonald is following the HACCP. Storing Foods Storing foods is a funny thing for McDonald. According to the HACCP, the McDonald can store the hamburger that is not sold out as well as the method is correct and proper. 1. The French fries must be thrown away, if it can not be sold out within seven minutes. 2. The hamburger must be thrown away, if it can not be sold out within ten minutes. It is not because of food decay or food defect. The McDonald insists on offering the most valuable and qualified food to the customers. And this is just right the reason why the McDonald does what is mentioned above. So, storing foods is in fact not only a funny thing for McDonald but also a serious thing for McDonald. And through the following statements one can see, how serious it is: 1. The temperature inside the house for cold storage should be between 1 and 4, and the temperature of the house for cold storage should be between -22ÃÆ'‚ °~18ÃÆ'‚ °. 2. Special attention should be paid to the storage of hamburger, otherwise accident will be easy to happen ,if it is not storied under the standard temperature. 3. The storage of food and materials should be obey to the regulations. And it definitely follows the HACCP, or even does a greater job. Cooling and Defrosting Cooling is a useful way to keep most of the food or materials fresh. When inspect whether the food is fresh or not, McDonald pays much attention to the test of temperature, especially the temperature control of the frozen food. The workers much inspect every product to make sure it is under the condition of cooling. The main principle for the refrigerate is insisting -FIFO , the FIFO stands for first in first out. Special methods have been made, concerned about how to organize the food, for example, there can only be six boxes of French fries up forward. Before the food being cooled, the manager need to inspect the temperature and the quality of the goods. Cooking and Holding The reported foodborne illness cases per year were 76 millions in the US(Tauxe, 2002) and 9.4 millions in the UK(Walker, et al, 2003).Improper food handling is responsible for 97% of food borne illness associated catering(Griffith CJ, 2000). The McDonald pays much attention to cooking and handling procedure. The main principle for cooking is -less amount many time  which can ensure the high quality and high fresh level of the food. For instance, twelve hamburgers should be made in four minutes; workers can not cook the twelve hamburgers at one time. The time figured out for making one hamburger is one handured and forty-five senconds, take the additional time into consideration, humburgers can be made in ten minutes. Nearly all foods in the McDonald have the specific holding time, the holding time for humbuegers is ten minutes, for french fries is seven minutes, for apple pie is ten minutes, and for coffee is thirty minutes, and the temperature of the milk sent by the supplier mus t be under 4ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€  , otherwise, it will be returned. Conclusions In conclusion, workplace hygiene is very important to McDonald which does a good job in such eight aspects above-mentioned. McDonald„ ¢s ways to manage the workplace hygiene can be good references for other similar establishments. Beause of the work for hygiene is systematic, there may be some behaviours not conform to specified requirements exsit, for instance, some worker may omit washing, McDonald still needs to make better use of the HACCP to make the situation even better. References Griffith, CJ 2000. Food safety in catering establishments, in: Safe Handling of Foods, JM Farber and ECD Todd, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 235-256. G.Campbell-Platt 2002. HACCP/food safety objectives. Food Control ,13, PP. 353. Panisello,P.J, Quantick,P.C 2001. Technical barriers to hazard analysis critical control point. Food Control,12(3), PP. 165-173. Sarah Fister Gale 2006. CASE STUDIES IN FOOD PROTECTION McDonaldds USA: A Golden Arch of Supply Chain Food Safety. Food Safety Magazine [Online] Issue February/March 2006, Available at:http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/article.asp?id=491sub=sub1 [Accessed 12 Sep 2009] Tauxe, R.V 2002. Surveillance and investigation of food borne diseases. Food Control,13,PP. 363-369. Walker, E.,Pritchard,C., Forsythe,S. 2003. Hazard analysis critical control point and prerequisite programme implementation in small and medium size food business. Food Control,14, PP. 169-174. Yi-Mei Sun., H.W.Ockerman 2005. A review of the needs and current applications of hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) system in foodservice areas. Food Control,16, PP. 325-332.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Dating and Locating the Composition of Beowulf

Dating and Locating the Composition of Beowulf      Ã‚  Ã‚   Dating and locating the composition of Beowulf is impossible to do with precision at this time because we do not have enough information about the poem’s specific historical context and because the poem is not constructed in such a consistently symbolic way to warrant a single allegorical-historical interpretation..    Estimates of the date of the poem’s composition â€Å"range from 340 to 1025, with ca. 515-530 and 1000 being almost universally acknowledged as the possible extremes† (Bjork 13). Current thinking is balanced between roughly this view and the late ninth to early tenth centuries. â€Å"critics generally agree upon an early period, ranging from the late seventh to the early ninth century (Greenfield 66). The Cambridge History of English and American Literature states in v1, ch3, s3,n11: â€Å". . . most of the historical events mentioned in Beowulf are to be dated within the first three decades of the sixth century.†    One clue to dating the composition was thought to lie in the use of the word merewioingas (translated by some scholars as Merovingian), a word which is used only in this poem and in no other Old English poetry or prose. In 752 the Merovingian dynasty ended, but poetic reference to it could have been added later – so this is no real help. â€Å". . . the composition of the poem, thich is usually thought to have taken place no later than the eighth century† (Stanley 4).    Scholars now consider that there were only five times and places possessing the power and culture that could have supported the production of such a sophisticated work of art as Beowulf: (1) seventh century east Anglia (the age of Sutton Hoo); (2) late seventh to earl... ...ert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Fulk, R.D.. â€Å"Textual Criticism.† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Greenfield, Stanley B. â€Å"Nature and Quality of Old English Poetry.† In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Stanley, E.G.. â€Å"Beowulf.† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.    Thompson, Stephen P. â€Å"The Beowulf poet and His World.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000   

Sir Thomas More - A Narrow-minded Hypocrite :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Sir Thomas More - A Narrow-minded Hypocrite "What did nature ever create milder, sweeter and happier than the genius of Thomas More? All the birds come to him to be fed. There is not any man living so affectionate to his children as he, and he loveth his wife as if she were a girl of fifteen" (Erasmus). Sir Thomas More is often viewed as a Catholic saint and martyr. He is viewed this way because More took a stand against King Henry VIII’s divorce of Catherine of Aragon and later was beheaded for his Catholic beliefs. Many people think of Sir Thomas More as the freethinking Renaissance humanist author of Utopia. However, there is a more accurate third view of Sir Thomas More; he is a narrow-minded hypocrite who persecuted those who opposed his views. The only good quality that Sir Thomas More showed was loyalty to his beliefs. In the age of kings, More could have followed King Henry VIII and believed he was serving God. â€Å"In serving Henry VIII, he would be serving God. Or so he could allow himself to think, until Henry demanded he swear an oath acknowledging the king to be the supreme authority on all matters temporal and spiritual, thus severing the English church's ties with Rome† (Rubin). In Peter Ackroyd’s book The Life of Sir Thomas More, he viewed Sir Thomas More as a martyr; Ackroyd also sees no inconsistency between More’s worldly success and his devout religious beliefs. There are, however, inconsistencies which will be shown later. Sir Thomas More may hold some Catholic beliefs dear to him, such as divorce, yet he does not embrace the more important belief of Thou shall not kill. His skewed views are apparent in James Woods’ Sir Thomas More: A Man for One Season. Woods’ writes, â€Å"as Lord Chancellor, he [Thomas More] had imprisoned and interrogated Lutherans, sometimes in his own house, and sent six reformers to be burned at the stake, and he had not done this just so that he might die for slender modern scruple, for anything as naked as the naked self.† Does this sound like a free thinking humanist and Catholic Saint? More’s actions against others who do not share his views speak for itself. In the 1520’s a man named Tyndale wrote a translation of The New Testament. In Tyndale’s translation, he included some of Martin Luther’s notes.

Political Correctness In The Classroom Essay -- essays research papers

Political Correctness In The Classroom Schools in Canada have recently become the battleground for the fight over how much political correctness should be allowed to infiltrate grade school classrooms. One can take two sides when dealing with such issues as violent toys, â€Å"good clean fun†, the benefits and disadvantages of political correctness. There is much controversy about violent toys which are far from being considered politically correct. The toys that enter many grade school classrooms throughout the country may also seem offensive to people who try to be as politically correct as possible. I can remember an incident involving myself, a water gun and a teacher back in grade four. What had happened was that I pondered onto school grounds with a tiny plastic watergun. As I proceeded down the hallway a teacher took notice of my â€Å"water-squirting† device. She approached me and ceased the toy from my hands . Many elementary school educators believe that violent toys can lead, and often do lead to violence if the children are allowed to play with the toys in an unsupervised environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Something that used to be considered good clean fun has become a constant frustration to teachers and parents everywhere. Many educators on recess duty who have observed children at play have come to believe that rough play which might look innocent can and often does lead to real violence. The goodness of teaching political correctness in the classroom is its ...

College Alcohol Use Essay

Summary: Argumentative essay on the topic of drinking on campus. Compares the consequences versus the benefits of alcohol consumption by college students. Drinking on campus is a problem that affects most college students, either directly or indirectly. I, for one, am against drinking on campus. As a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, I can say that drinking on campus is as rampant as a fire in a toothpick factory. Several friends of mine at colleges around the country tell me that their schools face the same problems. Here, at Stevens, much to the college community’s surprise, we had a snow day in February. The night before our well-deserved day off, a Tuesday, most of the general Stevens populous got drunk. That wouldn’t have been so bad if everyone locked themselves in their rooms and drank to their liver’s content, but it was not so. In addition to getting wasted, everyone partied all night, with music blasting and partiers yelling. Needless to say, it wasn’t a good night for anyone trying to get some sleep. The whole night wasn’t wasted though; it was fun watching inhibition-less people wander around. On a trip to the bathroom, I saw one guy making a fool of himself trying to get together with this girl. Ten minutes later, that same person walked into my room and sat down on my chair. He then told me to get out of his room. A friend of mine had a similar experience. A drunken resident stumbled into his room and fell down on his bed, saying, â€Å"I think I’ll crash here tonight. † Luckily, he got up and decided to leave before my friend beat the alcohol out of him. Upon reaching the door, it took him a good 10 seconds before he realized that the knob was on the other side. While I realize that college students generally don’t have it easy and they need to unwind every now and then, large consumption of alcohol simply isn’t the answer. I suppose it’s OK to go out and have a drink every now and then, but many people take that to an extreme. Plain and simple, the statistics disfavor drinking on campus. Perhaps the most stunning statistic is the fact that fourteen-hundred college students between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four die each year from unintentional, alcohol-related injuries, the majority of which includes car crashes. That’s not surprising when coupled with the fact that 2. 1 million students drove under the influence last year. Five hundred thousand more are inadvertently injured under the influence of alcohol and six hundred thousand students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking. Approximately twenty-five percent of college students accredit low academic performance to alcohol and thirty-one percent of students met criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Another huge impact of alcohol is sexual abuse. In excess of seventy-thousand students fell victim to alcohol-related rape and sexual assault. Four hundred thousand students had unprotected sex and twenty five percent of them say they were too drunk to even remember if they consented to it. Property damage is another plague brought unto colleges by alcohol abuse, especially here at Stevens, where several card-readers that allow access to residence halls were destroyed on several occasions. Around eleven percent of student drinkers say they have committed vandalism of property while drunk. Many administrators also report that their campuses have an increasing problem with alcohol-related property damage. Alcohol inevitably leads to health problems. More than one hundred and fifty thousand students develop alcohol-related health problems and almost 1. 5% of these students have attempted suicide. Five percent of college students are involved with the police for alcohol-related issues and an estimated one hundred and ten thousand students have been arrested as a result of their drinking. In conclusion, although I recognize the pro- side to this debatable issue, I think that the consequences of drinking far outweigh the pleasures. Drinking should not be allowed on college campuses.

Literary Genre Essay

literary music genres be determined by literary technique, t star, content and by critics commentarys of the genres. A literary genre is a category, eccentric person or class of literature. Major courses of literature The study forms of authorships ar * Novel * rime * Drama * Short bilgewater * legendla Various forms of literature argon pen in and further categorized by genre. Sometimes forms ar apply inter tiltably to define genre. However, a form, e. g. , a novel or a verse form, plenty itself be indite in every genre. writing style is a label that temperamentizes elements a commentator mint expect in a serve of literature. The major forms of literature brush off be written in assorted genres. Classic major genres musical style is a category point of referenceized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. The classic major genres of lit are * Drama * Romance * irony * Tragedy * Comedy * Tragicomedy musical genre categories manufacturealization a nd non illustration Genre whitethorn f alone under one of 2 categories Fiction and Non fabricationalization.Any genre can be either a model of Fiction (noncircumstanceual descriptions and events invented by the author) or a work of Non lying (a communication in which descriptions and events are understood to be factual). parking lot genres fable Subsets of genres, known as customary genres, pee jumped from the pilot lights of genres in written expression. The common genres included in recommended Literature from kindergarten by means of Grade Twelve by the CaliforniaDe give centeringment of Education are defined as1 * Drama stories collected in verse or prose, ordinarily for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are express through dialogue and natural process * legend narration demonstrating a useful truth, singularly in which animals speak as domain legendary, supernatural relation * Fairy tale yarn round fairies or opposite magical creature s, commonly for children * Fantasy fiction with strange or other blase settings or purposesfiction which invites suspension of honesty * Fiction floor literary whole kit whose content is produced by the imagination and is non inevitably base on fact * Fiction in verse rough novels with plot, subplot(s), radix(s), major and minor vulcanized fibers, in which the narrative is presented in (usually blank) verse form * Folklore the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or folk as handed down by excogitate of mouth * Historical fiction paper with fictional characters and events in a historical setting * Horror fiction in which events evoke a feeling of affright and nearlywhattimes fear in two the characters and the indorser* Humor Usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter solely can be contained in all genres * Legend narrative, sometimes of a field of study or folk hero, that ha s a bum in fact solely similarly includes imaginative material * Mystery fiction dealing with the solution of a execration or the unraveling of secrets* Mythology legend or handed-down narrative, very practically based in part on historical events, that propounds human race conduct and natural phenomena by its symbolism oftentimestimes pertaining to the actions of the gods * Poetry verse and rungic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses * Realistic fiction yarn that is true to life* learning fiction allegory based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets * Short story fiction of such(prenominal) brevity that it supports no subplots * Tall tale humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the insurmountable with nonchalance Common genres nonfiction* liveliness/Autobiography Narrative of a somebodys life. A true story roughly a real someone. * analyse A short li terary organic law that reflects the authors out pure nuance or repoint. * Narrative nonfiction Factual knowledge presented in a format which tells a story.* Speech Public appendress or discourse. * Textbook Authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic. literary fiction vs. genre fiction literary fiction is a term employ to line certain fictional whole kit and boodle that feature commonly held qualities that constitute literary merit. Genre works are written with the smell of fitting into a specific literary genre in order to draw in to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.Literary fiction may fit within a classification of market fiction, but to a fault possesses generally agreed upon qualities such as elegantly written, lyrical, and layered that appeals to readers outside genre fiction. Literary fiction has been defined as any fiction that plan of attacks to engage with one or more truths or questions, therefrom relevant to a broad kitch en stove of humanity as a form of expression.There are many sources that assistant readers find and define literary fiction and genre fiction. Literary element A literary element is an element isolated-base in the whole works of literature. Literary elements are not employ by all authors instead, they exist inherently in forms of literature and are derived by the readers of a work in question.1 This distinguishes them from literary techniques, which are less universal and are used intentionally rather than being ascent characteristics of a literary work. For example, characterization, conflict, setting, and point of guess would be considered literary elements, whereas irony or foreshadowing are considered literary techniques. Literary elements are most frequently used to help discussion on a work or better interpret a work of literature.For instance, the New York commonwealth Comprehensive English Regents Exam requires that students utilise and discuss literary elements rel ating to specific works in from each one of the two essays,2 much like many other state-level high school school exams nationwide. Literary elements* antagonist * archetype (prototype/original/classic/model) * characterization * terminate * conflict * dialogue * diction * cataclysm (resolution) * dramatic structure * falling action * language * mood * moral * base (feature/recurring design) * narrative mode (point of view) * narrative structure * Peripheral (minor/not a central important)* plot * protagonist * rising action * setting * speaker * sentence structure * field * Tone * Literary analytic belief Using Elements of Literature Students are asked to save up literary psychoanalysis essays because this type of assignment encourages you to think about how and why a poesy, short story, novel, or play was written.To successfully analyze literature, youll need to remember that authors instal specific choices for particular reasons. Your essay should point out the auth ors choices and approach to explain their significance. Another way to look at a literary analysis is to consider a piece of literature from your own perspective. Rather than thinking about the authors intentions, you can develop an argument based on any single term (or combination of terms) listed below. Youll middling need to use the original textual matter to defend and explain your argument to the reader. metaphor narrative form in which the characters are representative of some larger human-centred trait (i. e.greed, vanity, or bravery) and attempt to train some larger lesson or subject matter to life. Although allegory was originally and traditionally character based, modern allegories tend to parallel story and theme. * William Faulkners A Rose for Emily- the compensate of the Old South * Robert Louis Stevensons nameless Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde- mans grapple to contain his inner primal instincts * zone 9- South African Apartheid * X Men- the evils of precon ceived idea * Harry Potter- the dangers of unwrapking racial morality Character representation of a person, place, or thing performing traditionally human activities or functions in a work of fiction * Protagonist The character the story revolves close to.* Antagonist A character or force that opposes the protagonist. * Minor character much provides support and illuminates the protagonist. * Static character A character that remains the same. * Dynamic character A character that changes in some important way. * Characterization The choices an author makes to reveal a characters personality, such as appearance, actions, dialogue, and motivations. take care for Connections, links, and clues between and about characters.Ask yourself what the function and significance of each character is. Make this determination based upon the characters history, what the reader is t sure-enough(a) (and not told), and what other characters say about themselves and others. connotation impli ed message of sacred scripture. BEWARE Connotations can change over time. * confidence/ arrogance * setback/ rat * cautious/ scared * curious/ nosey * frugal/ cheap meter reading dictionary definition of a word Diction word choice that both conveys and emphasizes the meaning or theme of a poem through distinctions in sound, look, bike, syllable, letters, and definition Figurative language the use of run-in to express meaning beyond the echt meaning of the words themselves * Metaphor incompatible to seemingly unalike things to enhance the meaning of a situation or theme without using like or as * You are the fair weathershine of my life.* Simile contrastive to seemingly unalike things to enhance the meaning of a situation or theme using like or as * What happens to a dream deferred, does it dry up like a raisin in the sun * Hyperbole exaggeration * I have a million things to do today. * embodiment giving non-human objects human characteristics * the States has impe l her hat into the ring, and will be connection forces with the British. Foot grouping of accent and feminine syllables used in line or poem * Iamb un accentuate syllable followed by disquieted * Made famous by the Shakespearian sonnet, closest to the natural rhythm of human speech * How do I love thee? Let me count the slipway * Spondee stressed stressed* Used to add emphasis and break up level rhythm * Blood boil, judgement-meld, strong- loved * Trochee stressed light * Often used in childrens rhymes and to help with memorization, gives poem a hurried feeling * While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, * Anapest unstressed unstressed stressed * Often used in long-dated poems or rhymed stories * Twas the night to begin with saviourmas and all through the house * Dactyls stressed unstressed unstressed * Often used in classical Greek or Latin text, later revived by the Romantics, thence again by the Beatles, often thought to create a flashgun or pulse in a poem * Picture yourself in a boat on a river, With chromatic trees and marmalade skies.The iamb s knits through my books trochees rush and tumble while anapest runs like a hurrying brook dactyls are imposing and classical. Imagery the authors attempt to create a mental provide (or reference point) in the mind of the reader. Remember, though the most immediate forms of imagery are visual, strong and effective imagery can be used to invoke an emotional, sensorial (taste, touch, smell etc) or even corporeal response. Meter measure or structuring of rhythm in a poem dapple the arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story * Foreshadowing When the source clues the reader in to something that will in conclusion occur in the story it may be explicit (obvious) or implied (disguised).* hesitation The tension that the author uses to create a feeling of discomfort about the unknown quantity * Conflict Struggle between fence forces. * Exposition Backgr ound information regarding the setting, characters, plot. * rebellion Action The process the story follows as it builds to its main conflict * Crisis A operative turning point in the story that determines how it must end * Resolution/ sequel The way the story turns out.Point of put one across pertains to who tells the story and how it is told. The point of view of a story can sometimes indirectly establish the authors intentions. * vote counter The person telling the story who may or may not be a character in the story.* First-person teller participates in action but sometimes has limited knowledge/vision. * Second person Narrator addresses the reader directly as though she is part of the story. (i. e. You walk into your bedroom. You see clutter everywhere and) * Third soul (Objective) Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a detached observer). Does not assume characters perspective and is not a character in the story.The teller reports on events and lets the reader supp ly the meaning. * Omniscient All-knowing storyteller (multiple perspectives). The narrator knows what each character is thinking and feeling, not just what they are doing throughout the story.This type of narrator usually jumps around within the text, following one character for a few pages or chapters, and then switching to another character for a few pages, chapters, etc. Omniscient narrators also sometimes step out of a particular characters mind to evaluate him or her in some meaningful way. Rhythm often thought of as a poems timing.Rhythm is the juxtaposition of stressed and unstressed beats in a poem, and is often used to give the reader a lens through which to move through the work. (See meter and foot) Setting the place or location of the action. The setting provides the historical and ethnical context for characters. It often can correspond the emotional state of characters.Example In Poes The Fall of the House of Usher, the crumbling old mansion reflects the decaying state of both the family and the narrators mind. We also see this type of emphasis on setting in Thomas Manns Death in Venice. Speaker the person delivering the poem. Remember, a poem does not have to have a speaker, and the speaker and the poet are not necessarily one in the same. social organization (fiction) The way that the writer arranges the plot of a story.Look for Repeated elements in action, gesture, dialogue, description, as well as shifts in direction, focus, time, place, etc. Structure (poetry) The pattern of organization of a poem. For example, a Shakespearean sonnet is a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter.Because the sonnet is strictly constrained, it is considered a closed or fixed form. An open or free form poem has looser form, or by chance one of the authors invention, but it is important to remember that these poems are not necessarily formless. Symbolism when an object is meant to be representative of something or an idea greater than the object itse lf.* Cross representative of Christ or Christianity * Bald Eagle America or Patriotism * Owl knowledge or knowledge * Yellow implies cowardliness or rot Tone the implied locating towards the subject of the poem. Is it hopeful, pessimistic, dreary, worried? A poet conveys tone by combining all of the elements listed above to create a precise smell on the reader.