Martin Luther And The Roman Catholic Church - 837 Words

In the 16th century, people were unsatisfied and criticized the way the Roman Catholic Church was dealing with doctrines, education and dealing with behavior. Hearing what people were saying about the Roman Catholic Church reformers such as Martin Luther, Henry VII, decided to take matters in their own hands and find a way to reform. Martin Luther was a German professor who then decided to become a priest in 1507. He was against indulgences in which people believed forgave all sins that were committed. As a result, Luther wrote â€Å"Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences† to argue against indulgences, it was argued, â€Å"indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of the charity in Christian life† (McKay p.381). The Ninety- five Theses were then published in pamphlets in Latin then translated into German. A new invention that was made to help spread Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses was the Gutenberg’s Printing Press. People agreed and believed in Luther, but others had a different approach and pushed for Luther to give up on his new belief. Luther gained followers who were referred to as Protestants. Luther’s belief persuaded more reformers to take action. The Reformation continued the next step for Martin Luther was he wanted to get support from German princes and gained their support. The German peasants were inspired by Martin Luther who put their faith and trust toShow MoreRelatedRoman Catholic Church Reformation: Martin Luther Essay702 Words   |  3 Pagesreformation when Martin Luther Posted up his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Roman Catholic Church and published in Wittenberg, Germany. The Reformation Became the Basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Luther had far-reaching political, economic and social effects. But the main question is why Martin Luther was able to successfully challenge the church of its religious and political authority? After evaluating the main reasons why Luther had successRead MoreThe 95 Theses By Martin Luther982 Words   |  4 PagesFor this essay, I chose the 95 Theses by Martin Luther as my primary source. This primary source is a histo rical document that cause major uproars throughout Europe. The 95 Theses were written by Martin Luther in October of 1517. The 95 Theses were ninety-five statements written by Martin Luther in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church. They challenged the common practices of the Catholic Church, including indulgences and the authority of the pope. The 95 Theses sparked a theological debate thatRead MoreMartin Luther : A Father Of The Protestant Reformation1462 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther: A Father of the Protestant Reformation During the 16th century, many people began to question the doctrine and practices of the Catholic Church. The church was selling indulgences (forgiveness) to release people from their debt of sin. The higher positions held in the church were being sold to those who would pay the most money. The clergy’s greed and thirst after money essentially divided the church between the peasants and clergy. One man disagreed with the actions of the CatholicRead MoreThe Reform of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagesdealings of the Roman Catholic Church. This discontent eventually lead to the reform of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, and religious beliefs and attitudes became divided between northern and southern Europe. This is a summary of the events that lead to this historic change in religious culture that would impact Christianity for the next 500 years and beyond. By the late medieval period, many Europeans perceived the large amount of riches and land acquired by the Roman Catholic Church as unjustRead MoreThe Appeal Of Indulgences By Johann Tetzel1407 Words   |  6 Pagesindulgences was a practice where the congregation recognised a gift or other beneficent work with a bit of paper, a liberality, that ensured that the supplier s spirit would enter paradise all the more rapidly by lessening their time in limbo. The Church taught that if a man had submitted no genuine sins that ensured a spot in damnation and they kicked the bucket before apologising and making up for the greater part of their wrongdoings, then their spirit went to limbo—a sort of waystation where aRead MoreMartin Luther, And His Concept Of Christianity1644 Words   |  7 Pagesessay about Martin Luther, and his concept of Christianity. As a student and a unbiased Christian, I enjoy studying all types of religions, and elements that encompass them. Luther began his religious career as an Augustinian Monk in the Roman Catholic Church. So, Luther was initially loyal to the papacy, and even after many theological conflicts, he attempted to bring about his understanding with the Church. But this was a contradiction not to suffer because in his later years, Luther waged a continualRead MoreThe Reformation And The Reformation1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Catholic Church many people were dissatisfied about their faith during the Renaissance. This led to a period called the Reformation, which began in 1517. The Reformation was led by radical critics Martin Luther and John Calvin, who questioned the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, due to their selling of indulgences and stray from the Bible. The Reformation started in central Europe and spread to encompass most of the continent, during which time people left the Roman CatholicRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe intent of this paper is to evalua te the distinct character and quality of the expressions of the Protestant Reformation. This paper will discuss Lutheran Reformation, The Anabaptist, and The English Puritans as well as the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. It is the hope that after the reader has had the opportunity to view each of the characteristics and the expressions of each of the reformation the reader will have a better understanding of each and will be able toRead MoreWhy Did Martin Luther Start The Protestant Reformation?.968 Words   |  4 PagesWhy did Martin Luther start the Protestant Reformation? After five centuries, it is easy to reduce the Protestant Reformation to a dispute over corruption in the Roman Catholic Church. But was it dissension over corruption or was it more complex than that? While corruption existed in the Church during the Renaissance, the Reformation was as much about politics, theology, and individualism, as it was about rooting out corruption. When looking at the religious values that guide human choices,Read MoreWhat Were The Social Cause Of The Protestant Reformation?1289 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and the bible led by the Roman Catholic Church. All these social causes were significant because it allowed a vast majority of people to read it, interpret it, and make there own opinions on Christianity. This allowed people to make there own opinions, based on the bible, about the Protestant Reformation. What were the religious causes for the reformation? One of the religious reasons for the reformation was scamming, led by the Roman Catholic Church. One of the forms of scamming was the

The Death Penalty Is Not Effective - 911 Words

The death penalty is wrong because capital punishment is not effective in reducing the amount of crime, it claims the lives of innocent people, it is unfair and biased, and most importantly, it is far more costly than a life in prison. The death penalty is not effective in reducing the amount of crime that occurs in our country. There is no evidence that the death penalty discourages or deters crime. The psychological mindset of a criminal is that they are not capable of thinking of the outcome or consequences of their actions when they are committing a crime. The criminals who commit these crimes obviously are not in a normal state of mind, and do not think of outcomes logically or like most people do. Criminals most likely do not sit around thinking, â€Å"I won’t commit this murder if I face the death penalty.† Therefore, the use of the death penalty does not help reduce crime, so why use it? People have been released from death rows throughout America due to the evi dence of wrongful conviction. Wrongful execution occurs when someone innocent is put to death by capital punishment. Many people are claimed to be innocent victims of the death penalty. Newly available DNA evidence has allowed to exoneration or release of more than seventeen death row prisoners since 1992. DNA evidence is only available in about a fraction of capital cases. The Death Penalty Information Center has released and published a list of prisoners that have been executed but possibly innocent. This isShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Effective Or Not?851 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty has been and still is one of the biggest controversies in the United States and internationally. People have been discussing and debating whether or not the death penalty is effective or not. As opposers would argue, the death penalty deters crime and the criminals deserve it; however, the death penalty is a very costly procedure and time consuming as well as ineffective. David Muhlhausen, a Senior Policy Analyst in the center for Data Analysis at the Heritage Foundation, ironicallyRead MoreIs The Death Penalty Effective?971 Words   |  4 PagesIs the Death Penalty Effective? This paper will discuss the history of the death penalty, the cost of the death penalty, and its arguments under the law. For many years the death penalty has been utilized to punish the individuals who have committed crimes to the fullest extent that the law will allow, with a slight disagreement surrounding the death penalty. Some of the concerns would be are the criminals rightfully being held to pay for their actions, rather than taking their lives for the crimeRead MoreIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is An Effective Deterrent1359 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other hand, the anti-death penalty arguments claim that the death penalty is oppressive toward lower class and people of color, wasting the limited resources, and it often hurt innocent people. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stated that the death penalty is not an effective deterrent because it is not applied consistently, as there is only a small fraction of first-degree murders who received death sentence, and even then they do not represent the worst cases of murders. Most of theRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailedRead MoreThe Death Penalty is NOT an Effective Deterrent Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pages The issue of the death penalty has been of great concern and debate for a number of years now. Prior to 1976, the death penalty was banned in the United States. In 1976, though, the ban was lifted, and many states adopted the death penalty in their constitutions. Currently, there are 38 states that use the death penalty, and only 12 states that do not. The states that have the death penalty use a number of ways to go about executing the defendant. Thirty-two states use lethal injection, 10 useRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not An Effective Form Of Punishment Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe death penalty has been used for 2000 years and had only been brought to light to be abolished after the Second World War and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was only until the 1980s where many countries had started to abolish the death penalty. This essay will cover why the death penalty is not an effective form of punishment by looking at deterrence/recidivism, rehabilitation and incarceration as well as human rights. The punishment theories of incapacitation, deterrence and ‘justRead More Death Penalty as an Effective Method of Punishment Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesDeath Penalty as an Effective Method of Punishment An issue that has continually created tension in todays society is whether the death penalty serves as a justified and valid form of punishment. Whenever the word death penalty comes up, extremists from both sides start yelling out their arguments. One side says deterrence, the other side says theres a potential of executing an innocent man; one says justice, retribution, and punishment; the other side says execution is murder. CrimeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Most Effective Form Of Punishment1824 Words   |  8 PagesThe death penalty is not the most effective form of punishment for criminals. The death penalty is hypocritical; it condemns killing by killing people. Many supporters of capital punishment cite retribution as being a justification for the death penalty; however, no matter what the circumstance, murder is never justified. Ghandi once said â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.† Two wrongs can never make a right. Capital punishment shou ld be abolished because while even though many supportersRead MoreThe Death Penalty is An Effective Weapon Against Crime Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment.  Ã‚   Many people believe that it no longer serves out its intended purpose of deterring crime.   Others believe that the death penalty is an inhumane act of violence and that it should be banished from the justice system all together.   The thought of playing God also is another aspect of the situation.   Despite these allegations however, the facts still remain.   The death penalty deters crime, stops repeat offenders, and gives Americans a real sense that justice has been served, and should therefore

Not many people are happy, but all the libraries are filled with books on happiness, and this very fact should make us curious Essay Example For Students

Not many people are happy, but all the libraries are filled with books on happiness, and this very fact should make us curious Essay The Ancients gave us dozens of recipes on how to conduct a happy life, each of them contradicting the other, or at least, with very dissimilar opinions. The Modernity has its own solutions up to the negation of the very possibility of having a happy life. And recently, mister Francis H. came up with his own idea of happiness. He argues that the problem of happiness can be reduced to wealth, knowledge and a personal belief of being in control of ones own life. Lets at first consider these factors. Wealth is important, according to mister Francis H. because it allows the satisfaction of ones basic needs. It seems to me that if it was true, the Ancients had no chance to be happy at all and we can not be happy as well, since in the time to come people will be even more wealthy than they are now see later on the part of my essay On Future and able to better satisfy their needs. Well, I guess the notion of wealth is just relative. Same as basic needs which can cause even more trouble. What are basic needs? Color TV and refrigerator or your own jet plane? Or maybe just a barrel in a harbor as Diogenes showed us? Knowledge. In my opinion the problem with knowledge may be similar to the wealth issue. Knowledge in general meant as scientific knowledge has increased dramatically over the last centuries, but arguing that this has contributed to general happiness is at least risky, not to mention superfluous. This problem has two main aspects, firstly, its relativity as in the case of wealth; we can fly to Venus and kill most of the microbes but there is still much more to be done. Secondly, its validity in the pure aspect, as giving us answers about the world and life in general. On the other hand, as far as personal knowledge, or education, or ones intelligence goes, I dont really see any direct correlation between what one knows and is capable of doing to his own happiness. History can supply us with arguments to both sides. If you dont like history, go to the nearest psychiatric hospital to see the lack of correlation. Here we come to the third aspect of happiness: The personal belief of being in control. This is not just a relative factor as the two previous ones. This is a subjective factor, and, to me, the only real one. It is founded on ones opinion or interpretation of external events, or ones own character, whatever you call it. Therefore it is crucial and subsumes all the rest. One is happy when he believes he is happy. Remark 1: Lets discuss for a moment the problem of inclination that one has towards the opinions of others. The level of this inclination is in most of our fellow citizens very high, assessing by mere observation or giving just a little thought to the way commercials are made. The basis of advertising is the assumption that the public is incapable of having its own judgment, and this assumption must be right, otherwise the commercials would look different. How can you be happy if you didnt yet go to disneyland or didnt have a big mac for dinner? Reversing the mode of commercials we could make a lot of people happy insisting that they are happy because they have so much. And this is what the politicians try to do when running for re-election. They know the power of playing on peoples lack of judgment. You people should be happy because each of you has a house with a backyard, and we lowered the taxes! , or something like that. .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .postImageUrl , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:hover , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:visited , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:active { border:0!important; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:active , .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087 .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5db674872bef13a8b11c8dd1350c087:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adrienne Rich's Rape EssayA similar thing happens in the relation between people where the incapability of judging on ones own results in following fashions or mimicking behavior, or in envying others achievements or way of life since other peoples lives so often look good when viewed from the outside. Therefore, because the follower can never be satisfied, the requirement of happiness is to have your own judgment. Remark 2: Schopenhauer rightly noticed that people always have serious problems, no matter what is happening. He asserted that the total level of ones disturbance by problems remains constant over time. If somebody breaks his leg, his problem is the broken leg and not, for example, being yelled at by a stranger on the street. In such a situation the encounter with this stranger doesnt matter at all. On the other hand, if he didnt break his leg, the great problem accounting for a sleepless night would be this stranger. Therefore, the solution or avoidance of one problem does not help at all in being content, a new one is just ready to take its place. I thing this is a great remark on human behavior and it should be kept in mind such as to make life easier.

Social Structure Theory Research Paper free essay sample

The easiest way that I can explain social structure theory is by using examples from my own life. I grew up in the projects with my single drug addict mother and my little sister. From birth I was raised surrounded by drugs, violence, prostitution and many other crimes. My mom has never worked and we grew up on nothing but government aid. All these things were the perfect environments to create criminals. I was a direct product of my environment growing up. Since from when I can remember, I grew up getting into fights, robbing house, breaking into cars, and using and selling drugs. This was all a normal life to me. It is what I grew up knowing. Only knowing this life and was able to justify it full heartedly. I was kicked out of high school for fighting and was just headed down the worse path possible. I was following everyone that I grew up around. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Structure Theory Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally I took some advice from someone elder that told me back in middle school that thankfully stuck with me. â€Å"If you want to be like someone and have the things they have, surround yourself with those people and do what they do†. From then on I have been able to take control of my life and become a functioning and successful member of society. I went and got my diploma. Then went to college in Kansas for criminal justice. After that I joined the military. Now I am out and seeking to further my education. I drive the car I dreamt of driving as a kid and about to have my first kid with my beautiful and also successive girlfriend. All of this made possible simply by changing my surrounding environment. Social structure theory is defined Siegel (2011), â€Å"The view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime† (pg. 470). I believe this to be true. Growing up in the projects a lot of things were not viewed as crimes in our subculture. Something as simple as fighting was a daily thing to be in or to watch in a struggle for power and respect, but in societies outside of our realm that is unbelievable. Growing up in the projects you have to become tough fast. According to Anderson (1999), â€Å"These children of the street, growing up with little supervision, are said to â€Å"come up hard. † They often learn to fight at an early age, using short-tempered adults around them as role models† (pg. 49). We grew up doing what we saw and were taught. Growing up I had no clue that these things were even slightly that wrong because it was of our social norms. Norms are defined as Henslin (2012), â€Å"expectations of â€Å"right† behavior† (pg. 45). If someone disrespected my family, my neighborhood, or me I was expected to fight and that is how we resolved things. By doing this I received positive sanctions from my family and the block. Positive sanctions are defined as Henslin (2012), â€Å"a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward† (pg. 45). Other social norms that I grew up learning and doing was selling drugs. Growing up this wasn’t frowned upon by any adult on the block and was encouraged by my mother so I could bring some money into the house. Part of the study of the social structure theory and the study of the information gathered is positivism. In the book The Structure of Social Theory it describes positivism as Johnson (1984) â€Å"Positivism is most frequently used to refer to the extension of empiricist models of natural science to the field of human action, by arguing for either a methodological or substantive unity of the two. The claim for methodological unity leads to behaviorism, while the latter implies reductionist explanations, i. e. the explanation of human action in terms of either ‘heredity’ or ‘environment’. † (pg. 32). According to Henslin (2012) â€Å"It was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)† (pg. 10). Since we can study people’s actions and be able to understand them as a science, we can understand crime and what causes it. Criminology: The Core says that there are three branches of the social structure theory. When these theories come together in an environment it will be the ideal circumstances for crime to develop in a community. One of the first theories is the social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment. † (pg. 142). These theory focuses on the condition in the environment such as: deteriorated neighborhoods, inadequate social control, law-violation gangs and groups, and conflicting social values. This covers a lot of things growing up that there was no real order or even any motivation for order in the aspects of our life. Being surrounded in this type of environment even if a parent wants to set their child on a good path, it is made almost impossible because of the elements of gangs and strain that everyone around them is going through. Which brings me to the next theory. Strain theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people’s goals and the means available to obtain them. † (pg. 142). Strain theory focuses on conflict between goals and the means such as: unequal distribution of wealth and power, frustration, and alternative methods of achievement. What the strain theory focuses on was a huge part of my anger and justification of why I would commit crimes. I viewed a lot of things as just not fair and how someone could just have an easy road and even if they were a screw up, their parents had money and they were going to be someone in life no matter what they did. What is even more infuriating about that was the fact that they took it for granted and didn’t care. Even if I did stray away from the gangs and the crime as much as possible, I still had to make it out of my environment on my own. I was just a poor kid out of the projects with no skills, no professional references, and no cosigners for college. Just no real help for any direction and I am expected to be a functioning member of society but frowned upon if I didn’t do good in their eyes. In Code of the Street the chapter about the decent daddy goes over really well about how hard it is to distinguish yourself from the community you are associated with even if you are doing all the right things. It was insanely frustrating that even if you did do right, you were viewed the same. Also it was frustrating that you felt that you were stuck in that place no matter how hard you tried so you start to accept that label that you weren’t ever going to be anything and eventually stopped trying. Whenever you combine the social disorganization theory and the strain theory, you get the cultural deviance theory. Cultural deviance theory is defined as Siegel (2011) â€Å"Branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms. † (pg. 142). Cultural deviance theory focuses on what occurs from the combination of the two other theories. It looks at the development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and stress and the subcultural values in opposition to conventional values. Growing up in this environment we did learn to create our own subculture and accept that we were different from them. By doing this, it made me have no remorse for the people that I was committing crimes against. I was labeled as a criminal that wasn’t ever going to be anything and I accepted that role. Labeling theory is Henslin (2012) â€Å"the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. † (pg. 197). I did accept the label that they gave me and if I was going to be called something or thought of a certain way no matter what, I might as well do it since I am already considered it. So burglarizing people’s houses or cars didn’t seem like a crime to me because I saw it as they have the money anyways and doesn’t affect or hurt them. I am going to take from them since they have it. I wasn’t viewing these as crimes or showing any remorse for it because I saw them as different than me. Same as robbing people we caught slippin the neighborhood. It was like what ever, his mommy and daddy would just give him more money. I would do these things on a day-to-day basis and didn’t even see them as crimes. This is a huge part of why I believe that crime happens and is the root of crime. These types of environments brew criminals and like on my behalf that the criminals just see it as a normal way of life and don’t really consider most the crimes that they commit to be actually crimes. Crime becomes a way of life and ways of survival to people that grow up in these types of environments. If we want to prevent crimes we need to address the branches of the social structure theory. The reason that I am considered a good functioning member of society now is because I followed the lucky advice that I stumbled upon which was â€Å"If you want to be like someone and have the things they have, surround yourself with those people and do what they do†. Even though I received that advice, that doesn’t mean that it was easy to obtain. I got really lucky with some of the people that stayed in my life. Also, the programs that were established on the block helped out a lot as well. Just the simple fact of seeing a better life and being surrounded by positive reinforcement for people is enough to give you something small to strive for. If we want to help prevent crime we need to get it at the source. By taking care of the lower-class neighborhoods and implementing programs to keep kids busy with good role models or help with resume writing and training for job interviews. You are able to instill positive hope of moving forward and transitioning out of the place that they feel that they are stuck in. From my experience the cards that I was dealt and the environment that I grew up in, I was set to be a carrier criminal. But with the programs they placed on my block and positive people I surrounded with, it alleviated the strain and frustration that I was feeling and made me change my ways knowing that I was actually able to be better.

Rice Production Essays

Rice Production Essays Rice Production Essay Rice Production Essay I. Introduction The most important food crop in the Philippines is rice, a staple food in most of the country. It is produced all throughout Luzon, the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao. 9. 5 billion tons of palay were produced in 1989 almost. In 1990 palay, which caused a 27 percent value added in agriculture and 3. 5 percent of GNP. Per hectare yields have generally been low in comparison with other Asian countries. Since the mid-1960s, however, yields have increased substantially as a result of the cultivation of high-yielding varieties developed in the mid-1960s at the International Rice Research Institute located in the Philippines. The proportion of miracle rice in total output rose from zero in 1965-66 to 81 percent in 1981-82. Average productivity increased to 2. 3 tons per hectare (2. 8 tons on irrigated farms) by 1983. By the late 1970s, the country had changed from a net importer to a net exporter of rice, albeit on a small scale. In the 1980s, however, rice production encountered problems. Average annual growth for 1980-85 declined to a mere 0. 9 percent, as contrasted with 4. 6 percent for the preceding fifteen years. Growth of value added in the rice industry also fell in the 1980s. Tropical storms and droughts, the general economic downturn of the 1980s, and the 1983-85 economic crisis all contributed to this decline. Crop loans dried up, prices of agricultural inputs increased, and palay prices declined. Fertilizer and plant nutrient consumption dropped 15 percent. Farmers were squeezed by rising debts and declining income. Hectarage devoted to rice production, level during the latter half of the 1970s, fell an average of 2. 4 percent per annum during the first half of the 1980s, with the decline primarily in marginal, nonirrigated farms. As a result, in 1985, the last full year of the Marcos regime, the country imported 538,000 tons of rice. The situation improved somewhat in the late 1980s, and smaller amounts of rice were imported. However, in 1990 the country experienced a severe drought. Output fell by 1. 5 percent, forcing the importation of an estimated 400,000 tons of rice. In few years, we may have to squeeze out whatever is left of the country’s rice stock. This paper aims to find out what factors affect the production of rice in the Philippines to be able to formulate policies which may give the Filipinos more than enough hope and promise to help Filipinos on the way not only to rice sustainability, but also to national food security. II. Statement of the problem and object of the analysis General: This paper attempts to analyze Palay Production in the Philippines from the first semester of 1991 to the second semester of 2002 as affected by the size of land used for planting palay, amount of rain, and advancement of technology. Specific: More specification, this paper answers the following questions: 1. Does each of the following variables has significant effect on Palay Production. a. Area of land allotted for planting palay. b. Amount of rainfall. c. Advancement of technology. 2. Is there a significant effect on rice production given that the area of land allotted for planting palay, amount of rainfall, and advancement of technology are combined. III. Specification of the model This paper utilized a multiple linear regression model which can be described as follows: PROD = b0 + b1AREA + b2RAIN + b3TECH Where: b = parameters estimates PROD = volume of rice produced AREA = area of land allotted for planting palay RAIN = amount of rainfall in the areas TECH = advancement of technology in the agricultural sector Furthermore, to determine the individual level of significance of every ndependent variable, the t-statistic will be used. In order to estimate the values of coefficient, the Least Square Method was used, with a confidence level of 95 percent, while to probe into to over-all significance to these variables to the dependent one, the f-statistic was used. Finally, the results are to be validated through the usage of R2 which determines the degree of influen ce of all variables to the dependent component. The level of significance used in this study is 5 percent, while the degrees of freedom is 21, derived by deducting the number of observations (24) by the number of independent variables in consideration (3). IV. Hypothesis To Be Tested That the variables such as area allotted for planting palay, amount of rainfall, advancement of technology in the agricultural sector have no significant effect on rice production in the Philippines. V. Presentation of Data The Table below shows the data from the first semester of 1991 to the second semester of 2002, showing figures about palay production, area harvested, amount of rainfall and the advancement of technology. Palay ProductionArea HarvestedRainfallTechnology (All Ecosystem, In Metric Tons)(All Ecosystem, In Hectares)(in millimeters)Trend variable PRODAREARAINTECH 1991. 1 4,047,513 1,418,640 6,674. 0 1 1991. 2 5,625,749 2,006,320 13,124. 0 2 1992. 1 3,505,984 1,282,330 6,623. 7 3 1992. 2 5,622,956 1,915,740 16,278. 0 4 1993. 1 3,890,149 1,320,700 6,319. 8 5 1993. 2 5,544,059 1,961,650 18,756. 5 6 1994. 1 4,378,533 1,483,330 10,362. 5 7 1994. 2 6,159,521 2,168,200 13,995. 8 1995. 1 4,317,331 1,501,408 7,510. 3 9 1995. 2 6,223,318 2,257,283 21,217. 0 10 1996. 1 4,950,910 1,666,483 10,704. 3 11 1996. 2 6,332,658 2,284,653 16,258. 0 12 1997. 1 4,846,461 1,624,241 7,303. 0 13 1997. 2 6,422,502 2,218,029 11,052. 9 14 1998. 1 3,558,976 1,283,197 4,974. 4 15 1998. 2 4,995,848 1,886,845 24,330. 5 16 1999. 5,272,053 1,743,026 19,011. 6 17 1999. 2 6,514,572 2,256,813 26,291. 3 18 2000. 1 5,442,496 1,737,623 17,458. 1 19 2000. 2 6,946,916 2,300,462 27,202. 0 20 2001. 1 5,567,831 1,729,096 13,767. 5 21 2001. 2 7,387,039 2,336,345 23,721. 0 22 2002. 1 5,672,369 1,753,200 10,637. 3 23 2002. 2 7,598,284 2,293,118 20,401. 0 24 Prod = f(area, r ain, tech) VI. Summary of Findings After processing the gathered data into information, through the regression analysis, AREA, RAIN, TECH, and PROD, gave off the following estimated regression equation and other regression results: PROD = -282911 + 2. 959577AREA – 14. 77746RAIN + 37848. 18TECH The equation states that at every 1hectar increase in Area, there would be a 2. 959577 metric ton increase in rice production. Ceteris paribus. It also shows a negative relation between rainfall and rice production, were an increase of 1mm. Of rain fall would cause a decrease of 14. 7746hectars of rice, ceteris paribus. Finally, the equation also indicates a positive relation between technological advancements to rice production. As technology has a 1 unit increase, rice production would increase by 37848. 18. Dependent Variable: PROD Method: Least Squares Date: 07/12/04 Time: 23:04 Sample: 1991:1 2002:2 Included observations: 24 VariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb. C-282911. 0334520. 1-0. 845 7220. 4077 AREA2. 9595770. 24752211. 956820. 0000 RAIN-14. 7774613. 73005-1. 0762860. 2946 TECH37848. 188842. 3054. 2803520. 0004 R-squared0. 954369 Mean dependent var5451001. Adjusted R-squared0. 947524 S. D. dependent var1137085. S. E. of regression260478. 8 Akaike info criterion27. 92944 Sum squared resid1. 36E+12 Schwarz criterion28. 12578 Log likelihood-331. 1533 F-statistic139. 4325 Durbin-Watson stat1. 048045 Prob(F-statistic)0. 000000 The regressed data show that only the amount of rainfall has no significant effect on the dependent variable, as shown by the variables’ t-statistic. It did not meet the critical value of 2. 080 with a t-statistic of 1. 76286. All in all, the whole estimated equation is highly significant as shown by the f-statistic of 0. 0000. There is a 0. 954369 R-squared data, which shows that there is a 95. 44% influence of independent variables to the dependent variable. This graph shows the trend of Rice Production in the Philippines and amount of Rainfall during 1991 to 2002. As one can observe, rice production and rainfall are almost going at the same trend, but when there was a massive amount of rainfall during 1998, rice production slowed it’s ascend to it’s peak. This graph shows the trend of rice production and area for planting palay from the first semester of 1991 to the second semester of 2002. as we can observe, the graphs are almost overlapping each other, except during 1998, where rice production slowed during the beginning of the second semester. VII. Conclusion With the country’s fast increase in population and the slow pace of our technology and limited land area, the rice our farmers are producing are not sufficient to feed all of our â€Å"kababayans† and have more to sell throughout the world. Policy makers should try to formulate policies that would help increase rice production. The input requirements of the new technologies were skewed, in the direction of capital inputs, mainly irrigated land, fertilizers and other forms of capital. By definition, capital is scarce, and therefore the implementation of the new technologies stretched over a long period of time. This is on the supply side, whereas on the demand side, the countries have to expand their export in order to supplement the growing domestic demand in absorbing the growing supply. The message for the future is clear, for the growth to continue, the available technologies must continue to grow. Without such growth, the impact of input growth will eventually decline; we see some evidence to this effect already in the estimated regression equation. But this is not the only determinant of future growth. In order to take a full advantage of new techniques, there must be a smooth flow of the required resources into agriculture. VIII. Bibliography Economic Development 8th edition, by Michael s. Todaro and Stephen C. Smith, page 418-454 Agricultural Statistics c/o San Beda College Prof. Harold Glenn Valera

The eNotes Blog Top Ten LiteraryBeers

Top Ten LiteraryBeers Its Friday! Time to kick back with a summer read, dig your toes into the sand, and crack open one of these beauties. Who said beers couldnt be high-brow? White Whale Ale Yes, it is actually made with pages ripped from the seams of Herman Melvilles  Moby Dick. Le Petit Prince  (or The Little Prince) Lament on love and loss, and forget about that self-obsessed rose already. The Raven Special Lager I actually had this once. Nevermore, nevermore. Ginger in the Rye Im afraid one does actually have to grow up before enjoying this The  Catcher in the Rye inspired beverage. The Lost Abbey Inferno Ale The devils potion. Literally. Moloko Milk Stout Oh, bliss, bliss and heaven. I lay all nagoy to the ceiling, my gulliver on my rookers on the pillow, glazzies closed, rot open in bliss, slooshying the sluice of lovely sounds. Oh, it was gorgeousness and gorgeosity made flesh, said the man who drank the  six-pack. Oscar Wilde Mild Shouldnt this be Oscar Wilde Mild? Beware, this beer is laced with witty wordplay. Oberon Ale For when you wish to be away with the fairies. Hops of Wrath *Swig, swirl* I detect notes of dust and disappointment. And to top things off, a good Christmas ale! Bridgeports Ebenezer Ale Enjoy! And as always, read responsibly. Related Post: Ten Cocktails for You, from Literature

CAPM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

CAPM - Assignment Example An investment of risky investment calls for compensation of the respective investor for the time and money devoted to the investment. Typically, the time value of money is symbolized by risk free (rf) in the formula. This is meant to reimburse an investor for investing money for some period of time. On the other hand, the risk measures the amount of reparation that is needed by an investor for taking an additional risk. It is computed by taking the beta that measures the return of the asset in the market over a period and market premium. Other assumptions of the model are: there is perfect competition in the market and, therefore, an individual cannot affect any price of an asset by selling or buying. All the investors have the same information regarding the availability of the securities prices and their respective risks involved. All investors in the market have an idea of making decisions based on variances and expected returns of the portfolios they desire to invest. It should be noted that beta indeed measures the amount of risk that is involved in investing in a particular stock in relation to the market risk. For example, if the market beta is 1 and an investor’s security has a beta of 2, it would be riskier than an investor’s security of 0.25. The theory postulate that expected return of a portfolio is equal to risk free security plus a risk premium then multiplied by systematic risk of the asset. Ra = rf + Beta (rm –rf). For example in the market, the risk free rate =4%, the beta of the stock = 2 and market return is 12% over time, the expected return of the stock will be 4%+2(12%-4%) =20%. The beta, therefore, provides an answer to the risk return relationship. CAPM model provides a vital account for pricing the debt and equity. This is because it takes into consideration factors like risk free rate that is

Why are house prices in UK subect to large cyclical variations Essay

Why are house prices in UK subect to large cyclical variations (750words) - Essay Example Normally, the fluctuations in housing prices are related with economic activity. When economic activity heats up in any economy, the real estate sector start to respond to this change also by showing a tendency to adjust prices upwardly however, when the economic activity slows down the housing cycle start to show greater variations too with prices of most of the housing units started to decline. However, what is also important is the fact that numerous research studies also suggested that the increase in pricing of housing   units is also linked with the location of the housing units. The so called momentum and reversion of the cycle of housing prices is therefore not only linked with the economic activity but also with the location of the housing units.(Capozza et .al. 2002). As discussed above that one of the main reasons for increase in the cyclical patterns of housing prices is related with the economic activity therefore in order to clearly assess the cyclicality of housing prices, it is of great importance that the impact of economic activity on housing prices shall be studied first. When economic activity picks up with lesser inflationary pressures, the real income of the households increase therefore there is always a general increase in the disposable income of individuals. With the increase in income levels, the standards of life increase also and people start to prefer more luxurious housing than their current housing therefore the general increase in demand for housing units increase thus putting pressures on prices to increase. However, when the economic activity slows down and due to inflationary pressures or other economic variables, the decrease in income level put downward pressures on the prices. UKs economic performance, over the period of time, has considerably improved. UKs real GDP increased, on average, by

Bureaucratic Politics and Intelligence in the Falklands War 1982 Essay Example for Free

Bureaucratic Politics and Intelligence in the Falklands War 1982 Essay The Farklands war began on Friday, 2 April 1982. The fight was between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK). The main dispute was over Farklands Islands and South Georgia and the other Islands known as South Sandwich. The fatalities of the violence included many people such as left-wing activists, trade unionists, students and even journalists. The Farkland Island was well known for its abundant supply of oil within its territorial waters. Argentina had already occupied the islands which was a British colony. Their main aim was to relocate attention from economical and social problems at that particular time (Grant, 2000, 3). Therefore, it was a political contrive by the Argentine political government to break away from its own state of social conflicts. Jorge Rafael Videla’s military dictatorship as part of the Operation Condor carried out the state terrorism. The Farklands conflict marked the great use of modern weapon systems under the military theorists. All the main elements of military theory came into practice at that period. This included several elements such as public enthusiasm, national determination, opportunity and miscalculation. Additionally, the war was itself an inquisitive combination of modern high-tech warfare and low-tech. The British forces were much outnumbered on the war ground. They never had the exact air true covers and only what they had was the aircraft that came with the task force. The bureaucratic politics played a major role in ensuring the victory of the British during the Farklands war. For instance, four factors are said to have neccessitated the British success. This includes, effective and sufficient training of the military, good leadership by the political leaders who gave them a lot of support, courage in the army and above all the Britain’s closest supporter, the United States. The endorsement of the United State’s policy towards the Farklands conflict provides an adequate evidence of how bureaucratic politics was involved during the war. The proper response of the above mentioned policy was properly constituted and played at the highest levels of the Reagan administration. The process was mainly confined entirely to the executive branch which was by that time dominated by the conformist view of the America’s place in the whole world. On the other hand, Graham T. Allison’s bureaucratic politics did not support the acceptance of the foreign policy goals. The president Reagan’s leadership style, the relationship of assorted personalities, conflicting interpretations of national interest and the opposing bureaucratic imperatives played a main role in creating a situation that was being characterized by disperse power and multiple actions in the war (Gustafson, 1998, 14). During the 1982 Falklands war, the Thatcher government attempted to assume an isolated and remote colony in the South Atlantic as British sovereign territory was very important in ensuring the mobilization of the media and also the support for the war recovery campaign. The re-imaginative process also included the role of the rural imagery. Additionally, the government-imposed censorship enhanced positive reporting of the war campaign. During the Falklands war, there were some negotiations between the two sides to avoid war but an agreement was never reached. This means that the use of diplomacy had failed in the Falklands Islands (Mauro, nd, 3). The main reason that constituted to this disagreement is that, there was a lot of misconstruction between the British and the Argentines. For instance, The Argentines never believed that the British would retaliate and on the other hand, the British always fought to believe that Argentina wanted a peaceful solution. Regarding the president’s personalities they were required to remain and appear very strong in terms of the diplomatic principles. The diplomatic solution was however not reached in the Falklands due to the political self-preservation, practical obstructions and diplomatic principle that were being practiced by the political leaders. During that time of war, the Argentina’s rulers were under the General Galtieri, a murderous, unpopular military junta. When they invaded the Falklands islands, they decided to make themselves less unpopular at home with the forces of Argentine prejudice behind them. This enabled them to be aware of all what was happening in the world around them and support Galtieri invasion and occupation. Margaret Thatcher together with her government in Britain was at that particular time very unpopular at home too. As a result of 1982 defeat, a vicious and incompetent dictatorship was overthrown in Argentina and then democracy was restored back (Robert, 1988, 428). The army was subjected to a civilian rule and was also transformed into modern professional institutions that were devoted to regional integration and peace. The Role of Intelligence in Explaining the War of Falklands 1982. The Britain intelligence professionals disregarded signs of political unrest and particular military intelligence communications from Argentina. As a result of their ignorance, they were vulnerable to surprise attacks. Another factor that contributed to the acceleration of the Falkland conflict was the neglected United State diplomatic efforts and reactions. The British were enjoying the privilege to access the U. S intelligence in their policy making. Intelligence was only considered to be the main determining factor in making of foreign policy that was being used during the war (Justin, 2007, 6). Application of intelligence enabled the successful conduct of the military operations of the Britain and the Argentina government. Domestic ratification of international agreement which seemed so much peculiar was applied during the Farkland war. In win-set game theory, the agreement was only possible if those win-sets overlaps and the larger each win-set and more probably they overlap. However, the smaller the win-sets, the more the risk those negotiations between the parties will finally break down. This was the same case that applied during the prolonged pre-war Anglo-Argentine conciliation over the Farklands islands. Tentative agreements were opposed in one capital or the other. This was mainly caused by political reasons when it became vivid that the earlier British and Argentine win-sets did not overlap at. As a result, the war became virtually inevitable. The negotiations were interpreted in terms of a bureaucratic politics model of level 11 politicking The armed forces of Britain were much closer to those of the United States and their air forces worked together during the Falklands war. The Britain also had well collaboration of weapons programme which was very strong in the nuclear area (Sean, 2007, 9). Additionally, there was much co-operation on human intelligence between Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Britain’s Secret Intelligence service (SIS). The intelligence services included satellite photos, unmanned aerial vehicles and other defense intelligence staff. Therefore, the Britain found it much easier to re-conquer Falklands because of the American intelligence. The Argentines used up-to date intelligence together with their detailed skills and knowledge. For instance, the Argentine ships were sailing to and around the Falkland Islands testing the Argentine defenses. During the Falklands conflict, France seemed to be very helpful to the Britain in support of intelligence. For instance, President Mitterrand instructed the French intelligence services to help the Britain track the movements of an Argentine ship that sailed close to France and Spain and was suspected of trying to get French-made military hardware. Additionally, the selective discharges of French signals intelligence were of great benefit to the Britain during the Falklands war. References Gustafson, L 1988, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands, Oxford University Press, New York Justin, V 2007, Argentina and Britain: the lessons of war, viewed 5 August 2010 from http://www. opendemocracy. net/conflict-falklands_malvinas/lessons_vogler_4495. jsp Mauro, J nd, The Falklands Islands War: Diplomatic Failure in April 1982. Wake forest University, viewed on 5 August 2010 from http://www. historymatters. appstate. edu/documents/falklandislandswar_000. pdf Robert, D 1988, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Game. International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, p. 427-460. Viewed 5 August 2010 from http://portal. uam. es/portal/page/portal/UAM_ORGANIZATIVO/Departamentos/CienciaPoliticaRelacionesInternacionales/personal/fernando_rodrigo/pagina_personal_fernando_rodrigo/teoria_relaciones_inter/Textos/Putnam-%20The%20Logic%20of%20Two-Level%20Games. pdf Sean, M 2007, Some Reflections on the Falklands War and the Kitsch-left Now Viewed on 5 August 2010 from http://www. workersliberty. org/node/8076 Grant, C 2000, Intimate Relations, viewed 5 August 2010 from http://www. cer. org. uk/pdf/cerwp4. pdf

Peter Gabriel, Van Morrison, and Don Henley :: Musicians Career Biographies Essays

Peter Gabriel, Van Morrison, and Don Henley Peter Gabriel has earned a worldwide reputation for his innovative work as a musician, writer and video maker. When at school, he CO-founded the band Genesis which he left in 1975. His albums, live performances and videos since then have won him a succession of awards. In 1980, he collected together a group of people to found WOMAD (World of Music, Arts & Dance). In a series of international festivals, each year WOMAD brings together traditional and modern music, arts and dance from every corner of the globe. Peter is currently an advisor on the board of WOMAD. Shortly afterwards, Peter established Real World Studios in Wiltshire, designed as an ideal environment for performance. It also became the base for Real World Records, a label which is dedicated to recording and promoting a wide range of artists from all over the world. Peter has released 10 solo albums and in 1986 he won his first Grammy with his seventh album, 'So.' The videos from this project established him as a leader in video production and included 'Sledgehammer' which has won the most music video awards ever, including a No. 1 position in Rolling Stone's top 100 videos of all time. Peter has been involved in a broad spectrum of human rights and environmental issues. His song, 'Biko,' was the first pop song which talked about the effects of apartheid, and in 1988 and 1990 he was involved in the Nelson Mandela concerts at Wembley. In 1988 he also worked with Amnesty International to set up the "Human Rights Now" tour, visiting many countries with Sting, Bruce Springsteen,Tracey Chapman and Youssou N'Dour. Following this, he initiated the "Witness" programme, which was launched in 1992 in conjunction with the Reebok Foundation in the USA. The organization aims to arm human rights activists from around the world with handheld video cameras and other tools of mass communication. To date, they have supplied hundreds of cameras to over fifty countries, and have also set up a biweekly Witness web broadcast via Macintosh's Quicktime Channel. In 1989, he visited the USSR to help launch Greenpeace and also contributed to the 'One World, One Voice' album -- a collaborative project which featured artists from all over the world. In 1989, Peter composed the soundtrack for Martin Scorcese's epic film "The Last Temptation of Christ" which was the basis for one of his most experimental and innovative albums,"Passion.

Masculinity

Epic heroes like Achilles, Odysseus, and Aenas were warrior-type males who fought enemies and wars with great strength and exceptional courage.   Most of the time they had little regard for their own personal safety.   That, particularly characterized Achilles.   Odysseus on the other hand was cautious and wise.   He was a complex and strategic thinker.   Aenas had a deep devotion to God and would fight for his people and country. Those epic heroes were the image of masculinity.   They fought wars which they won.   They had great moral convictions.   They were strong and courageous.   They did not shrink from challenges, they instead charged forward for God, people and country.   They did not only capitalize on their physical strength, they had great minds as well. The long years in between periods of history saw the transformation of the idea of masculinity from the time of the epic heroes to the modern day masculinity.   However, on those times when, again, nations went to war, the ‘heroes’ in men once again surfaced.   They were aggressive and patriotic, and they sacrificed and felt honored by serving in the war. Different times had different norms.   The ‘war’ is now on athletics.   Physical strength was no longer for combat but it became healthy physique for athletics.   Athletes have to compete, whether it is against one’s self or an opponent.   Like in combat, they need to have the will to win, a strong character and of course, the fire of nationalism. Media has the most experience in defining and presenting masculinity.   They came up with stereotypes like: he has a sense of humor, he is aggressive, he is in control and is decisive, he is successful, and lastly he gets angry too, meaning he is being human. The perception or idea of masculinity do not seemed to have changed from the epic heroes, to the athletes at the Olympics and to the present-day or modern men.   Very evident, therefore significant are; love of God and country, courage, character and success as traits that truly make a man masculine. References: â€Å"Epic Traditions: the Hero–Homer to Virgil to Dante to Milton.† 13 November 2006. http://faculty.goucher.edu/eng211/epic_traditions_the_hero.ht â€Å"Common Stereotypes of Men in Media.†Ã‚   Media Stereotyping.   13 November 2006. â€Å"Characters of the Classical Epic.†Ã‚   13 November 2006. http://www174.pair.com/mja/epic.html Bourke, Dr. Joanna.   â€Å"The Image of Man.   The Creation of Modern Masculinity. By Professor George L. Mosse.† February 1997.   Updated 26 March 2002.   13 November 2006. http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/bourke.html   

What Are the Benefits Outsourcing Web Development Services

Today market being fully dependent of E-commerce technologies, every organization needs to be regularly updated with latest technologies & factors that emphasis on quality picture of their organization. Today E-commerce has become a basic medium to expand your business globally. But to ensure quality of your Web application you need to Outsource Web development service. There is no doubt that anyone can carry out the development on their own. But, if some factors like cost, time, R&D, quality, experience, search engine friendly code, etc are considered, Outsourcing is the highly recommended. Outsourcing companies ensures business quality service by using latest technology available and also you will get your Web application developed on time with no or less bugs left, at reasonable cost. Following points will give you detailed understanding of â€Å"How Outsourcing of Web Development service will be beneficial considering all of this factors?† * Standard development Process: Many Companies follows strict process model. Clients are assured of the standard processing and get their development work completed on-time and delivery without any complication. * Lessen your Development Cost: To develop any quality product, we need skilled & experienced staff, also lots of cost need to be spent on R&D and setup of space for development. While if you outsource development service you need to pay very reasonable amount which in turn guarantees you best service with search engine friendly & light weight web application developed using latest technologies & tested in all terms. * Reliable and Accurate: All these companies have experience & knowledge of development, so the delivered product will be reliable & accurate in terms of outputs which the client demanded. * Future enhancement: As every company wants to maximize their business, these companies provide regular maintenance and notifications to update your product if required. There are many invisible benefits of Outsourcing on client side also. Clients can: * Further concentrate on their routine without bothering about their Web development process. So time is saved. * Save money by choosing Outsourcing which is nearly equal to half the cost required in own development process. so you can use them for future enhancement & maintenance. * Get chance to know new process models & their skilled knowledge. * Expect best recommendations & latest technologies that best suits your business requirements & success on the basis of their experienced skills and requirement analysis.

International Accounting Essay

International Accounting Essay International Accounting Essay 6150 homework Sep 5 E2-9 A: Cash 08/01 5,000 08/12 1,000 10 2,700 31 850 Balance 7,550 A/R 08/25 1,600 08/31 850 Balance 750 Equipment 08/12 5,000 N/P 08/12 4,000 Share Capital-Ordinary 08 15,000 Service Revenue 08/10 2,700 25 1,600 Balance 4,300 B: Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash- 7,550 Accounts Receivable- 750 Equipment- 5,000 Notes payable- 4,000 Share Capital-Ordinary 5,000 Service Revenue 4,300 13,300 13,300 P2-3A Ac: Cash Balance 8,000 | | | (1) 1,000 | | (3) 1,700 | (4) 13,000 | | | (5) 15,000 | (6) 5,000 | | | (7) 3,000 | | (8) 2,000 | 3,300 | | Accounts Receivable | Balance 15,000 | | | (4) 13,000 | (6) 9,000 | | 11,000 | | Supplies | Balance 13,000 | | (2) 4,000 | | 17,000 | | Prepaid Rent | Balance 3,000 | | 3,000 | | Equipment | Balance 21,000 | | 21,000 | | Accounts Payable | | Balance 19,000 | | (2) 4,000 | (5) 15,000 | | | 8,000 | | | Share Capital- Ordinary | | Balance 30,000 | | 30,000 | Retained Earnings | | Balance 11,000 | | 11,000 | Dividends | (8) 2,000 | | 2,000 | | Service Revenue | | (6) 14,000 | | 14,000 | Advertising Expense | (1) 1,000 | | 1,000 | | Miscellaneous Expense | (3) 1,700 | | 1,700 | | Salaries and Wages Expense | (7) 3,000 | | 3,000 | | b: | | | | | | Debit | | Credit | 1. | | Advertising Expense | | | | 1,000 | | | | | Cash | | | | | | 1,000 | | | | | | | | | | 2. | | Supplies | | | | 4,000 | | | | | A/P | | | | | | 4,000 | | | | | | | | | | 3. | | Miscellaneous Expense | | | | 1,700 | | | | | Cash | | | | | | 1,700 | | | | | | | | | | 4. | | Cash | | | | 13,000 | | | | | A/R | | | | | | 13,000 | | | | | | | | | | 5. | | A/P | | | | 15,000 | | | | | Cash | | | | | | 15,000 | | | | | | | | | | 6. | | Cash | | | | 5,000 | | | | | A/R | | | | 9,000 | | | | | Service Revenue | | | | | | 14,000 | | | | | | | | | | 7. | | SW Expense | | | | 3,000 | | | | | Cash | | | | | | 3,000 | | | | | | | | | | 8. | | Dividends | | | | 2,000 | | | | | Cash | | | | | | 2,000 | | | | | | | | | | D: Trial Balance Debit Credit Cash $ 3,300 Accounts Receivable 11,000 Supplies 17,000 Prepaid Rent 3,000 Equipment 21,000 Accounts Payable $ 8,000 Share Capital- Ordinary 30,000 Retained Earnings 11,000 Dividends 2,000 Service Revenue 14,000 Advertising Expense 1,000 Miscellaneous Expense 1,700 Salaries and Wages Expense 3,000 $63,000 $63,000 BYP2-1 A: | | | | (1) Increase Side | | | (1) Decrease Side | | | (2) Normal Balance | | Accounts (Trade)

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech)

Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech) Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Similarly, irony may be a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. Adjective: ironic or ironical. Also known as  eironeia, illusio, and the dry mock. Three kinds of irony are commonly recognized: Verbal irony is a trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express.Situational irony involves an incongruity between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs.Dramatic irony is an effect produced by a narrative in which the audience knows more about the present or future circumstances than a character in the story. In light of these different varieties of irony, Jonathan Tittler has concluded that irony has meant and means so many different things to different people that rarely is there a meeting of minds as to its particular sense on a given occasion (quoted by Frank Stringfellow in The Meaning of Irony, 1994). Etymology From the Greek, feigned ignorance Examples and Observations EarthA planet doesnt explode of itself, said drilyThe Martian astronomer, gazing off into the air- That they were able to do it is proof that highlyIntelligent beings must have been living there.(John Hall Wheelock, Earth)Kampenfeldt: This is a grave matter, a very grave matter. It has just been reported to me that youve been expressing sentiments hostile to the Fatherland.Schwab: What, me sir?Kampenfeldt: I warn you, Schwab, such treasonable conduct will lead you to a concentration camp.Schwab: But sir, what did I say?Kampenfeldt: You were distinctly heard to remark, This is a fine country to live in.Schwab: Oh, no, sir. Theres some mistake. No, what I said was, This is a fine country to live in.Kampenfeldt: Huh? You sure?Schwab: Yes sir.Kampenfeldt: I see. Well, in future dont make remarks that can be taken two ways.(Raymond Huntley and Eliot Makeham in Night Train to Munich, 1940)Gentlemen, you cant fight in here! This is the War Room.(Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964) It is a fitting irony that under Richard Nixon, launder became a dirty word.(William Zinsser)Irony in Mark Twains Novel Puddnhead WilsonDavid Wilson, the title character of Puddnhead Wilson, is a master of irony. In fact, his use of irony permanently marks him. When he first arrives in Dawsons Landing in 1830, he makes an ironic remark that the villagers cannot understand. Distracted by the annoying yelping of an unseen dog, he says, I wished I owned half of that dog. When asked why, he replies, Because I would kill my half. He does not really want to own half the dog, and he probably does not really want to kill it; he merely wants to silence it and knows killing half the dog would kill the whole animal and achieve the desired effect. His remark is a simple example of irony, and the failure of the villagers to understand it causes them immediately to brand Wilson a fool and nickname him puddnhead. The very title of the novel is, therefore, based on irony, and that irony is compounde d by the fact that Wilson is anything but a fool.(R. Kent Rasmussen, Blooms How to Write About Mark Twain. Infobase, 2008) Irony in Shakespeares Play Julius CaesarA classic example of irony is Mark Antonys speech in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Although Antony declares, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and declares that the assassins are honorable men, he means just the opposite.(Bryan Garner, Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009)Uses and Characteristics of IronyIrony may be used as a rhetorical device to enforce ones meaning. It may be used . . . as a satiric device to attack a point of view or to expose folly, hypocrisy, or vanity. It may be used as a heuristic device to lead ones readers to see that things are not so simple or certain as they seem, or perhaps not so complex or doubtful as they seem. It is probable that most irony is rhetorical, satirical, or heuristic. . . .In the first place irony is a double-layered or two-story phenomenon. . . . In the second place, there is always some kind of opposition that may take the form of contradiction, incongruity, or incom patibility. . . . In the third place, there is in irony an element of innocence.(D.C. Muecke, The Compass of Irony. Methuen, 1969) An Age of IronyIt is sometimes said that we live in an age of irony. Irony in this sense may be found, for example, all throughout The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Suppose you hear a political candidate give a terribly long speech, one that rambles on and on without end. Afterward, you might turn to a friend sitting next to you, roll your eyes, and say, Well, that was short and to the point, wasnt it? You are being ironic. You are counting on your friend to turn the literal meaning of your expression, to read it as exactly the opposite of what your words actually mean. . . .When irony works, it helps to cement social bonds and mutual understanding because the speaker and hearer of irony both know to turn the utterance, and they know that the other one knows they will turn the utterance. . . .Irony is a kind of winking at each other, as we all understand the game of meaning reversal that is being played.(Barry Brummett, Techniques of Close Reading. Sage, 2010)Irony as Mass TherapyIron y has always been a primary tool the under-powered use to tear at the over-powered in our culture. But now irony has become the bait that media corporations use to appeal to educated consumers. . . . Its almost an ultimate irony that those who say they dont like TV will sit and watch TV as long as the hosts of their favorite shows act like they dont like TV, either. Somewhere in this swirl of droll poses and pseudo-insights, irony itself becomes a kind of mass therapy for a politically confused culture. It offers a comfortable space where complicity doesnt feel like complicity. It makes you feel like you are counter-cultural while never requiring you to leave the mainstream culture it has so much fun teasing. We are happy enough with this therapy that we feel no need to enact social change.(Dan French, review of The Daily Show, 2001) Alanis Morissettes IronicAlanis Morissettes Ironic, in which situations purporting to be ironic are merely sad, random, or annoying (a traffic jam when youre late, a no-smoking sign on your cigarette break) perpetuates widespread misuse of the word and outrages irony prescriptivists. It is, of course, ironic that Ironic is an unironic song about irony. Bonus irony: Ironic is widely cited as an example of how Americans dont get irony, despite the fact that Alanis Morissette is Canadian.(Jon Winokur, The Big Book of Irony. St. Martins, 2007)Direct expression, with no tricks, gimmickry, or irony, has come to be interpreted ironically because the default interpretive apparatus says, He cant really mean THAT! When a culture becomes ironic about itself en masse, simple statements of brutal fact, simple judgments of hate or dislike become humorous because they unveil the absurdity, friendliness, and caution of normal public expression. Its funny because its true. Honestly. Were all upside d own now.(R. Jay Magill, Jr., Chic Ironic Bitterness. University of Michigan Press, 2007) Alan Bennett on IronyWere conceived in irony. We float in it from the womb. Its the amniotic fluid. Its the silver sea. Its the waters at their priest-like task, washing away guilt and purpose and responsibility. Joking but not joking. Caring but not caring. Serious but not serious.(Hilary in The Old Country by Alan Bennett, 1977)Thomas Carlyle on IronyAn ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambuscading ways, more especially an ironic young man, from whom it is least expected, may be viewed as a pest to society.(Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrockh, 1833-34)Irony DeficiencyIrony deficiency  is an  informal term for the inability to recognize, comprehend, and/or utilize  ironythat is,  a tendency to interpret  figurative language  in a  literal  way.-  Mobsters are reputedly huge fans of  The Godfather. They don’t see it as a tale of individual moral corruption. They see it as a nostalgia trip to better days for the mob.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review, April 28, 1999)-  Irony deficiency  is directly proportional to the strength of the political commitment or religious fervor. True believers of all persuasions are irony deficient. . . .Brutal dictators are irony deficienttake Hitler, Stalin, Kim Jong-il, and Saddam Hussein, a world-class vulgarian whose art collection consisted of kitsch paintings displayed unironically.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony. Macmillan, 2007)-  Here is something ironic: We live at a time when our diets are richer in irony than ever before in human history, yet millions of us suffer from that silent crippler,  irony deficiency  . . . not so much a deficiency in irony itself, but an inability to utilize the abundance of irony all around us.(Swami Beyondananda,  Duck Soup for the Soul. Hysteria, 1999)-  Will people who detect a lack of irony in other cultures never stop to consider that this may be a sign of their own  irony deficiency? Maybe its defensible when the apes detect a lack of irony in Charlton Heston in  Planet of the Apes, but not when, say, Brits detect it in, say, Americans as a race . . .. The point of irony, after all, is to say things behind peoples backs to their faces. If you look around the poker table and cant tell who the pigeon is, its you.(Roy Blount, Jr., How to Talk Southern.  The New York Times, Nov. 21, 2004) The Lighter Side of IronyRachel Berry: Mr. Schuester, do you have any idea how ridiculous it is to give the lead solo in Sit Down, Youre Rocking the Boat to a boy in a wheelchair?Artie Abrams: I think Mr. Schue is using irony to enhance the performance.Rachel Berry: Theres nothing ironic about show choir!(Pilot episode of Glee, 2009)​Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up his seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?Elaine: Oh.​(The Subway, Seinfeld, Jan. 8 1992)Im aware of the irony of appearing on TV in order to decry it.(Sideshow Bob, The Simpsons)Math was my worst subject because I could never persuade the teacher that my answers were meant ironically.(Calvin Trillin)Lyn Cassady: Its okay, you can at tack me.Bob Wilton: Whats with the quotation fingers? Its like saying Im only capable of ironic attacking or something.​(The Men Who Stare at Goats, 2009) Pronunciation: I-ruh-nee

Batting lineup against any one particular team Research Paper

Batting lineup against any one particular team - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that statistics are useful in almost any area of life. Consider the workplace, home, social organization, or sports arena. Statistical analysis enables us to consider where we have been, where we are going, and how effective we have been at both stages. It is a process that allows us to consider and realize trends, either positive or negative, and lead us to conclusions about what to do next. Owing to this reality, it is therefore important to consider the myriad of uses that statistics brings to everyday life. To accomplish this, this paper will examine a hypothetical problem and propose a research question that can be solved through statistical analysis. Consider the sport of baseball. Each team has a manager who bases many of his decisions on various pieces of statistics that are given to him. A team’s batting lineup, for example, often is a critical piece to the number of runs a team scores, and their ability to win games. It can be said, therefore, that a team’s batting lineup depends upon statistical analysis and affects their ability to score runs, hit off certain pitchers, and avoid putting hitters in situations where they are likely to fail. The problem in baseball, like many of life’s situations, is that basing a decision on wrong assumptions can be disastrous. The batting lineup in baseball is a critical component. All aspects of the hitter and the opposing team’s pitcher must be considered when making out the lineup.... Research Question The research question for this problem would be: What batting lineup will prove the most effective against any one particular team? Data Collection To answer this question, there is a plethora of data the collected in order to assist in the statistical analysis that will lead to the formation of an effective batting order. To begin, the manager would need to collect various components of a player’s batting average. This includes, but is certainly not limited to, the following items: 1) A hitters overall batting average, 2) A hitters average with runners in scoring position, 3) A hitters average against right handed pitchers, 4) A hitters average against left handed pitchers, and 5) A hitters average against the specific opposing pitcher assigned to any one particular game (Albright, 1993, p. 1178). The data to be collected can be gathered by taking a look at a player’s combined batting averages over the course of a season. In today’s day and age , this is usually simplified with the use of technology. It is important to collect the data from one season only, as a hitters performance tends to fluctuate season by season, so their performance in previous years may not reflect on this current ability, or inability, to hit well against a particular pitcher this year (Talsma, 1999, p. 738). When thinking about much how much data is needed to solve this problem, more is definitely better. The more data that can be covered, in as many relevant areas as possible, the more benefit the statistical analysis can be to provide a manager with the accurate picture they need to assess player performance as the season progresses. Data Analysis It is not enough to simply collect a bunch of data related to hitting in baseball. The data must then be analyzed

Business Process Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Change - Research Paper Example Four Winds Hospital is a medium health organization that specializes in psychiatric care. The core mission of the hospital is to offer extemporary services to patients with mental illness. Like other health organizations, the hospital is often faced with the need to balance its business objectives and social responsibilities. Q#2 From your research of the organization, identify a single Business Process Change that the organization will need to contemplate and undertake in the coming year. These changes can result from new technologies, economic issues, or changes in the marketplace. According to J. Burke (2010), organizations need to ensure that their business operations are in line with the current changes in technology. In the wake of the modern technological innovations, many organizations have sought to refurbish their systems and structures by adopting technological mechanisms in their operations. Technology has been widely accepted as a system enabler and an element that would contribute to better results, efficient operations, and other positive aspects associated with any productive culture (Ogus, 2007). In particular, introduction of Electronic Medical Records is expected to bring about significant changes in the operational changes of the organization (Kalb, 2005). ... Burke, 2010). The EMR system is also expected to contribute to employee’s satisfaction through increased efficiency and accuracy (Sharfstein, Dickerson, & Oldham, 2009). In addition, the EMR system is expected to revitalize the hospital’s influence on the market. Changes in organization are expected to solve logistical challenges that have slowed administrative and clinical processes at the Winds Psychiatric Hospital. The organizational change at the hospital should be viewed within the framework of total quality management. Q#3 Utilizing the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) outline briefly what changes need to be undertaken at each of the 5-stages (pages xxxiii-xxxiv). The capability maturity model (CMM) will be helpful in refining the organization’s growth and strategies. This will be achieved through effective strategies and software design. Four Winds Hospital needs to implement changes in its management, technology and market approach. Using CMM, the business managers will be able to measure the effectiveness of each of the business approaches or changes (Macmillan, 2007). The system will also enable the hospital to track its changes and developments in relation to EMR application (Luo, 2006). Firstly, the organization needs to adopt a communication system that facilitates efficiency and consistency. The EMR system will enhance effectiveness of communication within the organization and communication between the organization and its business associates. Data appertaining to clients will be handled in a more organized and efficient way that would help solve the challenges of logistics and delays that have been occasioned by the manual systems of information management (Ball, Weaver, & Kiel, 2004). Although face-to-face

Housing Markets in the Financial Crisis of 2008 Essay

Housing Markets in the Financial Crisis of 2008 - Essay Example The origin of the housing market boom The boom in the housing market started growing as the stock bubble grew up in the last decade of the 20th century. In simple terms, the logic governing the growth of the housing bubble was one such that the wealthy were spending the money they had accumulated from the favorable stock markets (Baker, 2008, 73). The stock prices had run up in a manner extraordinary and many people had not anticipated. The wealthy therefore started spending at a rate similar to the rate of wealth accumulation. The increased wealth resulted in an increase in the average consumption and it was noted that the savings rate sourced out of every individual’s disposable income experienced a fall from 5% in 1995 to about 2% in the year 2000. The wealth gained from the favorable stock markets led to massive investments in the housing industry as people strived to buy bigger houses and to make better homes. The supply of housing is, of course, fixed so this therefore m eant that the sudden increase in demand was likely to cause the housing bubble effect (Baker, 2008, 73). This caused a chain of events starting by an increase in demand which automatically resulted in the house prices to rise. As the prices started rising in some of the areas affected there was a unique phenomenon such that the prices started being incorporated into expectations and these made the buyers of houses and homes to start paying more than they would otherwise have done. This had a tendency of making the expectations self fulfilling and more convincing. Research together with the data from the government’s documents pointed to a very slight change in the house prices for over 100 years before the beginning of the house bubble. Even as the price of the houses rose, the rent did not increase in a similar manner but it in fact remained trailing behind in a modest manner a clear indication that the price of the houses was as a result of the housing bubble (Baker, 2008, 74). The instantaneous increase in the price of the houses both for buyers and those renting them started creating a substantial effect on the supply side as a result of the rise in price from around 1995 towards 2000. The house prices rose up to about 25% in the year 2002. This was above the average rate of the three years from 1993 to 1995. This then resulted in to an effect that appeared as an oversupply in the number of rental housing sector for it caused the vacancy rate to rise to about 9% in the year 2002 which was 1.5% increase to that of around 1990 that stood at about 7.5%.

Presidential Scholars Essay Essay Example for Free

Presidential Scholars Essay Essay The creative work the best illustrates the way I see the world and the way I see myself in the world is the Charles Dicken’s novel, Great Expectations. Basically, the novel revolves around a boy named Philip Pirip or â€Å"Pip,† and his many struggles to achieve his goals. Pip’s main goal is to become a wealthy gentleman someday in order to marry the woman of his dreams, Estella, which he accomplished in the novel. However, in order to achieve his goal, Pip had to go overcome a lot of obstacles and face a lot of adversities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story, it was shown that Pip was a very generous and kind-hearted young man. However, the best and possibly the worst aspect about him is his overly-ambitious attitude. Although Pip’s good-natured personality and pure innocence enabled him to accomplish his dream of becoming a wealthy gentleman, he realized that his position in society is the not the most important aspect about any person. In the end, although he lost his wealth, he was able to marry Estella, and live a happy life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, the novel shows my belief that while anything can be achieved if one works hard for it, it also important to know one’s place in the world and remain humble. In other words, like in the novel, I believe that in this world, it is more important for me to possess moral values and be happy and content with my life than simply be rich. Moreover, the story also shared my belief that it is equally important to not expect too much from anything, which is what Pip failed to do, as you may end up disappointed. More importantly, however, the novel also corresponds with my perception which is to never be too ambitious on anything in this world as it may mislead one’s life. Furthermore, the story also showed how I see myself in the world. Like Pip, I believe that I am also a good natured and kind-hearted person who can achieve anything if I work hard for it. However, I must always remember not to commit the same mistake the Pip did, which is to become overly-ambitious, in order for me to reach my dreams. Presidential Scholars essay: The teacher who has influenced me the most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In school, the person who made the most impact on my life was my Italian teacher, Mrs. Elliott. Basically, Mrs. Elliott has not only sparked my interest in the Italian language and other languages, but she has taught me and my fellow students the value of investing in knowledge, which she believes would greatly help us in our future careers. She is also a highly competent teacher who always makes sure that we learn new things after each of our classes with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She has also shared with us a lot of information about the Italian culture and lifestyle, among others. Although she is a bit demanding in her classes, I know that she only wants us to learn and grow. However, what I like best about Mrs. Elliott is her unwavering passion for teaching. She always teaches enthusiastically and eagerly, which is why all the students listen attentively and never get bored in her class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, she is also a very approachable person outside the classroom. Students would never hesitate to go to her when they have concerns about anything. Whether it’s about school or family, Mrs. Elliott would always be there to guide us and give us advice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, she has also taught us valuable lessons and values in life such as patience, understanding, integrity, honesty, commitment, and dedication, which we would all be able to apply throughout the rest of our lives. She also told us to always remember the lessons we learned so we could pass them on to our future children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, Mrs. Elliot has not only imparted to us the necessary knowledge that we would need as we seek higher education, but she has also taught us valuable lessons that cannot simply be learned in a classroom. No doubt, she is one of the people whom I would never forget and whom I would always honor for the rest of my life

Football stuff :: essays research papers

Stepping Outside Traditional Boundaries In Football, Fast Cars, and Cheerleading: Adolescent Gender Norms, 1978-1989, Suitor and Reavis found that adolescents did not change drastically in their views about gender roles from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. The differences they did find were an increase in girls’ reports of sports involvement as a social advancement tool, and a larger increase in boys’ reports of sports as a way for girls to gain status. They also found that, by the late 1980s, more boys noted high sexual activity, a stereotypically masculine characteristic, as a social advancement tool for girls, while girls did not report any stereotypically feminine activities as a way for boys to gain status. Girls, therefore, were more accepted into masculine arenas, but boys did not stray into feminine arenas. The implications of the study are that boys have remained locked into traditional masculine roles. While girls have advanced socially through entering masculine roles, boys have not advanced soci ally through entering traditionally feminine roles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1970s, the general trend was that adolescents felt that participation in sports was did not increase girls’ status as much as other activities. Suitor and Reavis found that 33.6 of the students who graduated between 1978 and 1982 reported that sports was one way in which girls advanced in status, while 90% said sports was a way boys advanced in status. Physical attractiveness was the number one way in which girls were said to gain prestige. Through the late 1980s, these trends continued. Similarly, rowdy behavior was seen as a masculine advancement tool, but never mentioned as a feminine tool. This brings into question the ways in which kids learn that boys are aggressive and supposed to pursue sports, whereas girls are not. Children learn gender roles early on in life, as their parents reward and punish certain behaviors that are biologically based and promote gender intensification. For example, girls are complimented for having their hair done nicely in ribbons or headbands, while boys are complimented for playing well and being competitive in a soccer game. While boys are biologically more aggressive than girls, this aggression and roughness is enhanced and encouraged through socialization. Nature and nurture are both at work in early gender development, as characteristics that are by nature masculine or feminine are coded with social behaviors and are overly engrained in children’s heads. As children spend more time with peers, they reinforce these rules with each other, by teaching each other and interacting in the roles that have been defined for them.

Why Nuclear Power Is Needed Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionThe planetary addition in industrialisation and demand for energy coevals due to the spread outing population and increased trust on electrical tools, equipment and contraptions has placed intensifying degrees of strain on the systems which provide this electricity. In add-on, as developing states easy adapt to the industry-based economic systems of the remainder of the universe, the demand for safe, efficient energy coevals becomes even greater as the tendency spreads around the Earth. This can be clearly demonstrated in South Africa, where electricity demand is besides turning quickly. Harmonizing to Statistics South Africa ( 2010 ) the volume of electricity consumed in April 2010 increased by 6.6 per centum compared with April 2009 and ingestion for the first four months of 2010 by all states increased by 9.4 per centum compared with the first four months of 2009. Furthermore, the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) ( 2010a ) predicts that universe cyberspace electricity coevals will increase by 87 per centum, from 18.8 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2007 to 25.0 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2020 and 35.2 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2035. Harmonizing to the EIA ‘s International Energy Outlook 2010 ( IEO 2010a ) the world-wide escalation in energy monetary values from 2003 to 2008, accompanied by concerns about the damaging effects of nursery gas emanations, has led to renewed involvement in options to fossil fuels and peculiarly, atomic power. Therefore, with authorities support and higher fuel monetary values, the chances of large-scale atomic power transition is going progressively favourable. Presently, 48.9 % of power coevals comes from coal, 20.3 % Nuclear, 6.3 % Hydroelectric Conventional, 20.5 % natural gas, 1 % crude oil and 3.7 % assorted other beginnings ( Energy Information Administration 2010b ) . However, the EIA predicts that electricity coevals from atomic power will increase from about 2.6 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2007 to a projected 3.6 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2020 and so to 4.5 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2035 due to atomic power going more economically executable as monetary values for fossil fuels rise. Further grounds for atomic coevals pulling new involvement around the universe include states seeking diverseness of their energy supplies, bettering energy security, and supplying a low-carbon option to fossil fuels. However, with these positive stairss to eventual atomic version much uncertainness can still be found associated with this signifier of power coevals. Some of these issues include works safety, radioactive waste disposal, lifting building costs and investing hazard, and atomic stuff proliferation concerns and they could present great hazards for haltering the enlargement and execution of atomic power in the hereafter. In a study refering the support for atomic power among the populace in 1999, the Sustainable Energy Coalition ( 1999 ) reported that 59.8 % of those surveyed were opposed to the United Stated of America constructing more atomic power workss, 43.3 % voted for the United States to phase out its atomic power workss by 2020 and the most supported type of power works was renewable energy ( dwelling 61.5 % of the ballots ) . However, despite this, recent support for atomic power has been much greater. The IEO 2010 clearly reflects this tendency in that there has been an addition of 9 % in the comparative part of atomic power expected by 2030 from 2009 ‘s IEO. In add-on, harmonizing to a study conducted in 2010 by Jones ( 2010 ) of Gallup, which provides data-driven intelligence based on US and universe polls, 62 % of those US citizens surveyed supported atomic power, with 28 % demoing â€Å" strong favour † of the adaptation. In consideration of the above positions, this study aims to find whether atomic power is a executable option to conventional signifiers of energy coevals, and whether using it for future electricity production will be more efficient and in bend offer greater benefits in the long term, based on cost, energy production ability, safety and waste produced, than trusting on the current beginnings.Hypothesis: It is expected that the use of atomic power over conventional energy beginnings will present great benefits for all human communities and offer a really executable option to these beginnings, through supplying a cheaper, more dependable, more sustainable cleansing agent and safer signifier of electricity coevals.How atomic power plantsFuelA ­The fuel used in atomic power Stationss, Uranium, invariably undergoes self-generated fission at a really slow rate ensuing in the component breathing radiation. Due to the fact that these power station generate energy through the method of indu ced fission, this stuff is highly suited for the undertaking. Uranium is an component normally found on Earth, and to boot, the Uranium-238 ( U-238 ) atom has an highly long half life of 4.5 billion old ages ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) This therefore means that big measures of the atom are still present in the land. Uranium on Earth comprises 99 per centum U-238 and 0.7 per centum uranium-235 ( U-235 ) ( both happening of course ) , and the staying measure includes the far rarer Uranium-234 which is formed by the decay of U-238. ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) The ability of U-235 to disintegrate of course consequences in it being a suited fuel for both atomic power workss and atomic bombs. The U-238 besides decays like U-235, by the procedure of alpha radiation. This procedure involves the atom let go ofing an alpha atom, or two neutrons and two protons bound together. In add-on, U-235 besides undergoes self-generated fission in certain instances and furthermore it is besides one of the few substances that can undergo induced fission. Here, a free neutron collides with a U-235 karyon, which later absorbs it, becomes unstable and splits. A ­The chance of this occurring is comparatively high and during atomic energy production, the expulsion of one neutron consequences in extra fission taking topographic point in a concatenation reaction. The karyon which has captured the neutron so splits into two lighter atoms and releases either two or three new neutrons depending on the how the U-235 atom was split. This decay of a individual U-235 consequences in the coevals of about 200 MeV ( million negatron Vs ) , which although non being a significantly great sum entirely, the tremendous measure of atoms in even 1 kg of U, consequence in monolithic energy outputs when compared to other fuel beginnings. ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) A ­During the procedure, great sums of heat and gamma radiation, composed of high-energy photons, is released. In add-on, the two atom merchandises of fission will let go of beta radiation, high velocity negatrons, and gamma radiation their ain gamma radiation. The energy released is derived from the fact that the merchandises produced weigh much less than the reactants and accordingly, this sum of weight is converted straight to energy harmonizing to the equation, E = mc2. Power Stationss, nevertheless, require enriched U to bring forth power, which contain more U-235, and hence costs will hold to be incurred in guaranting natural stuffs are suited for these Stationss.The power stationThe most indispensable intent of atomic power Stationss is to command the energy released during atomic fission, leting it to heat H2O into steam to, in bend, produce electrical energy. The U fuel beginning is normally found in 2.5-cm-long pellets ( Nuclear Energy Institute 2010 ) , and arranged into long rods, which are collected together in groups called packages. Inside a force per unit area vas, these packages are submerged in H2O which acts as a coolant for the rods. Power will merely be generated once the packages are supercritical. This means that, on norm, more than one of the free neutrons hits another U-235 atom to let go of energy. In add-on, this U is unstable and could easy overheat and run if non controlled. To forestall this, objects called control rods composed of neutron absorbing stuff such as Ag, In and Cd, are inserted into the uranium package with equipment that allow them to be raised or lowered. This mechanism of the rods being raised or lowered provide operators with the ability to command the rate of the atomic reaction. The control rods are raised out of the U when more heat is required, ensuing in less soaking up of neutrons, and lowered to make less heat. In the instance of closing down the reactor during an accident or fuel alteration, the rods are wholly lowered into the uranium package. The U bundle maps as the high-energy heat beginning required to turn the H2O in the steam generator into steam. This steam drives a turbine, which in bend spins a generator to bring forth power. Some atomic power workss include a secondary, intermediate heat money changer through which the reactor steam moves, to change over another measure of H2O to steam, which would so drive the turbine. This system poses important advantages in that the steam ne'er comes into contact with the turbine. Further reactors besides utilize gas ( C dioxide ) or liquid metal ( Na, K ) as coolant fluid which is brought into contact with the reactor nucleus and later these designs allow the reactor to run at higher temperatures more safely. On the exterior of the power station, a concrete line drive is normally found to house the reactor ‘s force per unit area vas and to boot it acts as a radiation shield. However, the line drive itself is found with a larger steel containment vas which contains the reactor nucleus, and besides the equipment used for refueling and care of the reactor. This vas besides acts as a barrier, forestalling escape of any radioactive gases or fluids from the power station. The concluding outer bed is a concrete edifice which protects the steel containment vas. Harmonizing to Brain and Lambert ( 2000 ) this concrete construction is sufficient to protect the reactor against great sums of break including natural catastrophes and terrorist onslaughts. In add-on, these secondary containment constructions besides provide farther support in forestalling the flight of radiation and radioactive steam released during accidents. In the instance of the Chernobyl catastrophe, the deficiency of this secondary containment construction ( as was characteristic of old Russian atomic workss ) , allowed radioactive stuff to get away into the surrounding environment harmonizing to Brain and Lambert ( 2000 ) . This position farther supports the statement for â€Å" hapless atomic power station designs † being the cause of most atomic catastrophes in the past, as will be discussed more extensively under the subject of â€Å" safety † . Linked to this thought is the control room. Here workers can supervise the atomic reactor and during the instance of accidents, if processs are decently followed, immediate action taken can forestall much of the possible jeopardies that could follow. Nuclear installations besides normally feature security margins and forces that managed and modulate the safe handling of sensitive stuffs.CostIn South Africa, coal power has dominated electricity coevals for many decennaries. This is largely because the great copiousnesss of coal in the state, and big graduated table excavation of these militias, have resulted in the procedure going cheaper as all of the systems required are already established. Consequently, South Africa has become the 5th largest coal bring forthing state in the universe, bring forthing 77 % of electricity from coal beginnings in what ESKOM ( 2010 ) refers to as the most cost-efficient and energy efficient manner of bring forthing electricity. Much of the deficiency of support for version of atomic power stems from the big start-up costs involved in constructed of suited atomic power workss. This can be clearly seen in comparing the current costs of atomic and coal Stationss being built. Harmonizing to Content ( 2008 ) a coal station to be built in Wisconsin in the United States of America in 2008 cost $ 1.1 billion, this even after a important addition had already taken topographic point due to lift in stuff costs, from a projected $ 850 million. On the other manus, in the same twelvemonth, harmonizing to Romm ( 2008 ) , Duke Energy, a gas and electricity services company in Ohio, reported that it would be $ 6 billion to $ 8 billion for building of a atomic works in Carolina and in add-on, a $ 14 billion power works was reported by Romm ( 2008 ) to be constructed in Florida by Progress Energy. The costs of the comparative fuel merchandises besides differ well, nevertheless as will be seen, the sums of these fuels required by the several power Stationss and the energy output evidently besides plays a great function in finding the cost efficiency of the procedure. One ton of natural coal in 2010 costs about $ 85.00 ( Flak 2010 ) and harmonizing to the World Nuclear Association ( 2010a ) , one kg of Uranium costs $ 115.00. Both coal and uranium demand to be refined, nevertheless, in order to be suited to be used in power Stationss. The coal is washed with a H2O or chemical bath to take some drosss and at the power works, pulverized to a heavy pulverization before being burned, on the other manus the Uranium needs to undergo transition, enrichment and fuel fiction. Therefore, although the existent cost for fuel as a whole will be somewhat different, comparatively the costs would be similar to those of the natural merchandises. However, although it may look that coal Stationss pose important economic advantages over atomic options, this is really non the instance at all. Harmonizing to European Nuclear Society ( n.d ) 1 kg uranium-235 corresponds to 2.7 million kilograms coal equivalent, intending that in the long term, one time capital costs have been covered, the atomic power Stationss would be far more cost efficient to be run for electricity coevals. Additional, this besides highlights the fact that while additions in fuel monetary values could hold major impacts of coal- and most other fuel intensive power sources- the effects on atomic Stationss would be minimum. This is clearly demonstrated in research by the World Nuclear Association ( 2010a ) presented in figure 1. Obviously, as clip progresses, progresss in atomic power engineerings result in cheaper and more efficient refinement, disposal and building on these Stationss. However, even with the current costs, it is clear that over clip, one time the installation has been established, runing costs will quickly worsen as low cost fuel cost outweighs the operating expenses for installing and building. Similarly, in 2008 research presented by the Brattle Group ( 2008 ) , in the Conneticut Integrated Resource Plan ( summarized in table 2 ) , found that although nightlong capital cost of atomic power Stationss was about dual that of coal options ( 4038 $ /kW compared to 2214 $ /kW ) , the eventual cost of electricity was still somewhat lower ( 8.35 c/kWh to 8.65 c/kWh ) . This research is supported by extra findings from the CEZ Group ( 2008 ) which further establishes the tendency for cheaper long term power coevals by atomic beginnings based on costs of electricity coevals by a new power station in the Czech Republic ( table 3 ) . The grounds from these beginnings clearly suggest that there are important benefits to using or change overing to atomic power. Obviously, developing states particularly will be put off by the big start up costs and the entreaty of merely fall backing to fossil fuel-based electricity coevals due to the low short term costs. In order for states to be more energy efficient and sustainable in the hereafter, nevertheless, it may be indispensable for them to change over to atomic power even though many people are still unsure about the dependability of this beginning of electricity.Energy production and handinessThe comparative energy content of the different fuels used for electricity coevals is highly of import in measuring the efficiency of the fuel as a beginning for long-run dependable power. Coal, which is used for energy coevals in the bulk of power Stationss, is a fossil fuel and hence as it is produced organically over many 1000000s of old ages there is a hazard that overuse coul d finally wash up the universe ‘s militias of coal. This concern is heightened by the fact that coal is has a far lower energy denseness than other fuel beginnings. Harmonizing to Howden ( 2007 ) there are still an estimated 909 billion metric tons of coal militias worldwide, and these will be sufficient to move as beginnings of electricity coevals for at least 155 old ages. However, the environmental impact of this burning, and hence the subsequent release of nursery gases, should non be forgotten- in add-on, the existent necessity of set uping systems to guarantee that the universe is suited to get bying with demands for energy production, one time this period elapses, is besides indispensable. On the other manus, harmonizing to the OCED Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2007 ) , there are still 5,469,000 metric tons of Uranium in the universe as of 2007 and accordingly, in visible radiation of the comparative use of fuel in atomic compared to char power Stationss as stated above, this means that they would be able to provide energy for far longer than presently utilised dodo fuels. The World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) studies that both uranium and coal are have a 33 % thermic efficiency when used for power coevals, although their energy densenesss differ significantly. A 1 million kilowatt power station is reported to necessitate a supply of about 3.1 million tones of coal each twelvemonth, whereas the atomic option would be 24 tones of U ( as UO2 ) which has been enriched to U-235. However, both these methods still require extended excavation and extraction in order for the fuel to be suited for usage. The comparative heat value given by the assorted fuel beginnings are stated in table 4 below, harmonizing to the values provided by the World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) . Table 4: Table demoing the comparative heat value given by assorted fuels, World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) In add-on, the find of atomic merger has offered great possibilities for sustainable atomic energy production in the hereafter. Nuclear merger differs from the normally used fission. In fission the karyon of an atom splits into lighter karyon, frequently bring forthing free neutrons and protons ( in the signifier of gamma beams ) and let go ofing energy. Fusion power involves the coevals of power through blending two light atomic karyon together to organize a heavier karyon and in the procedure let go ofing big sums of energy. Significant benefits of merger have already been found, and harmonizing to Ongena and Van Oost ( n.d ) in the â€Å" Energy for Future Centuries Report † this method poses great advantages over atomic fission including the sustainability of the fuel beginning used and the energy content of this fuel beginning. Harmonizing to the study the procedure normally involves the usage of heavy hydrogen, an isotope of H, as fuel and besides potentially lithium, th e world-wide militias of which are reported to be able to last 3000 old ages. In add-on the study states that Li from sea H2O would last 60 million old ages, and a more complicated merger procedure utilizing merely heavy hydrogen from sea H2O would supply fuel for 150 billion old ages and to boot supply three to four times every bit much energy output.SafetyNuclear power accidents are frequently so extensively covered by the media that doubts refering the safety of these systems have evidently been instilled in public perceptual experience. Consequently, this has in bend resulted in great apprehensiveness refering the building of new atomic workss. Harmonizing to Carbon ( 2003 ) the negative effects sing the use of atomic power to bring forth electricity is greatly misunderstood. He suggests that the current mentality airss big concerns sing that this could forestall farther growing of atomic power, without which it could be really hard to run into the clean-air ends established in the Kyoto protocol that are indispensable for a sustainable hereafter environment. The primary concern amongst most people involves the dependability of the atomic power station itself. Despite popular belief, nevertheless, the safety record of atomic power workss is highly high as will be demonstrated, and the two most well-known atomic catastrophes likely include the power station accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Islands. The Three Mile Island atomic catastrophe was caused by a nucleus meltdown of the pressurized H2O reactor. The catastrophe began when the H2O pumps that supplied the steam generators of the works all of a sudden stopped, and because the deficiency of steam was detected by the works ‘s safety system, the turbine powering the generator was instantly shut off. This caused force per unit area to construct in the atomic reactor of the works, and the nucleus well heated up until at least half of it had melted. The works was sing jobs because of a deficiency of coolant that, harmonizing to Lowitz and Black ( 2007 ) , if supplied right and in conformity with the safety processs prescribed, would hold controlled the overheating. Fortunately the catastrophe, nevertheless, resulted in no deceases and merely negligible injury to human wellness and the environment. The mean sum of radiation experienced by people populating within 10 stat mis of the works was reported to be simply eight millirem, approximately equal to a chest X ray ( American Nuclear Society n.d ) The Chernobyl catastrophe, on the other manus, was far more risky. It was caused by a everyday closure at the Chernobyl station which was designed to prove the ability of the works in working at low power. This in bend led to the reactor going unstable as the flow of chilling H2O slowed ; and the state of affairs was worsened as the works was unable to turn itself off due to disability of the automatic shutoff. After an unsuccessful effort by a worker to manually disenable the reactor, a power rush resulted alternatively, which blew the screen home base of the reactor off and showered the country in radioactive stuff and particulate affair. Subsequently, core black lead caught fire and burned for a period of nine yearss, during which huge sums of radiation was released into the ambiance. The effects were far making, even widening into different states, and immediate emptying was necessary. Still, even with the rapid response the firemans and assorted workers on the site suffered utmost radiation effects. The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor ( due to the deficiency of a containment construction ) , killed 30 operators and firemen within three months and caused several farther deceases subsequently on ( World Health Organization 2006 ) . Additionally, three people died on site from detonation and Burnss and acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) was confirmed in 134 people who had been involved with the clean-up on-site, of which 28 finally died within a few hebdomads of the accident. ( World Health Organization 2006 ) Many beginnings, including the Moore ( 2006 ) and Carbon ( 2003 ) , nevertheless province that the specific design of the Chernobyl works and subsequent behavior of forces straight resulted in this catastrophe. Harmonizing to Moore ( 2006 ) the Chernobyl station consisted of an early theoretical account of Soviet reactor which had no containment vas rendering it highly undependable. He states that harmonizing to a U.N. Chernobyl Forum study in 2005, merely 56 deceases could be straight attributed to the accident, which largely included radiation or Burnss suffered while contending the fire. Furthermore, harmonizing to the Associated Press ( 2005 ) the U.N. study provinces that the largest wellness concern posed by the accident was the mental impact rendered from the deficiency of accurate information on the accident ‘s effects. However, to measure the safety of coal as fuel beginning, one would besides necessitate to see the safety of the procedure of mining the natural resources. Moore ( 2006 ) studies that where 5,000 coal-mining deceases occur worldwide every twelvemonth no 1 has died in a radiation-related accident in the history of the U.S. civilian atomic reactor plan. In add-on, because such great measures of coal are required, the procedure of managing and transporting the coal to the power Stationss themselves increases the clip workers are in contact with coal. The all right dust released from these this coal besides poses big wellness hazards. These include emphysema ( the 4th taking cause of decease in the US ) , chronic bronchitis and silicosis- all of which pose important wellness hazards and the possible hazards of which are directed wedged by long term coal exposure ( Swartout-Corbeil 2006 ) The safety of U excavation has besides undergone important betterments due to strict ordinance and control ( Finch 2006 ) and where 100s of uranium mine workers died from radiation exposure resistance in the early old ages of the industry, the job has now been corrected. The safety of atomic power coevals can farther be demonstrated by research conducted by Ball, et al. , ( 2001 ) which compare the occupational accident statistics of US and UK atomic reactors to those of coal-burning power coevals over the last 40 old ages ( table 5 ) . These figures clearly demonstrate that atomic power is a clearly safer agencies of bring forthing electricity, chiefly due to the great sum of excavation and conveyance involved, and hence the associated hazards of these activities, in providing coal to a power station. However, despite this, extra concerns have been established sing the terrorist onslaughts utilizing substances held at atomic reactors, which realistically, could present a great menace to human populations if used as a arm. Nuclear power workss are designed to defy utmost events such as hurricanes, twisters and temblors, but non needfully impacts by big aeroplanes such airliners- or bombs. Harmonizing to the Nuclear Control Institute ( NCI ) ( 2005 ) a direct, high-velocity hit such as that which would be caused by an aeroplane could hold a high possibility of perforating the containment edifice of a power reactor and that, later, this could take to the release of important measures of radiation into the environment- potentially taking to widespread malignant neoplastic disease deceases. However, the Center for Defense Information ( 2003 ) reported that a 1988 trial conducted by Chapin, et al. , ( 1998 ) in which an remote-controlled aeroplane was flown at about 772 kilometers per hours into a 3.5m thick concrete wall, found that upon impact, the plane would be destroyed, whereas the construction would merely pierced by a twosome of inches. This is supported by Moore ( 2006 ) who reports that the six-feet midst reinforced concrete containment vas would protect the interior contents of the reactor from tearing upon hit with a high velocity plane, or similar beginning of perturbation. In add-on, harmonizing to Behrens and Holt ( 2005 ) the protection of atomic power workss from ground-level assaults and calculated terrorist activities, has become a heightened national precedence since September 11 onslaughts. They province that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) has increased its ordinances on atomic reactor security and assorted measures refering atomic reactor security steps and demands were implemented after the 9/11 onslaughts. Other attacks taken include exigency response activities, instruction on containment of radioactive stuffs and extra regulative and legislative proposals. Linked to this is the menace on atomic arms being derived from atomic fuel. This poses the most serious hazard as it is the most hard issue to turn to. However, recent ordinances and security steps promise to battle this menace and, as with most other human development, there will evidently ever be a possibility of powerful engineering being utilized for illegal intents. Yet, it would be highly short sighted for this one issue to be used as a ground for censoring a engineering which would offer populations important advantages over presently utilised procedures. When looking at the hazards associated with other signifiers of electricity, the menaces involved are merely as important. Harmonizing to Carbon ( n.d ) a decease count of every bit much as 15,000 was reported due to dam failure in India in 1979, to boot the Natural Resources Defense Council ( n.d ) has estimated, utilizing surveies conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, that about 64,000 premature deceases consequence in American metropolitan countries due to particulate affair released into the ambiance from the combustion of fossil fuels, ensuing in human deaths of about 100,000 people per twelvemonth for the full state. Of the causes coal-burning power workss were listed as the primary subscribers, ensuing in about tierce of these deceases ( 33,000 per twelvemonth ) due to electricity works discharges. However, since atomic workss emit no particulate affair, the execution of these system could potentially salvage many lives in the hereafter.WasteNuclear waste is the ra dioactive waste that consequences from atomic reactors, and is divided into low, medium, and high-ranking waste by the sum of radiation the waste produces. The chief beginning of atomic waste is the of course happening radioactive stuffs ( NORM ) . In fact, all substances are somewhat radioactive from the decay of of course happening isotopes such as carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-238 and thorium-232. However, atomic waste formed from NORM are non radioactive in most instances, even though they could bring forth unsafe degrees of radioactive gases. Human-built atomic reactors is the other chief beginning of planetary atomic waste. When an atom undergoes fission, the two pieces of the karyon may besides be radioactive, and take 1000s of old ages to disintegrate ( they are later known as fission merchandises ) . In add-on, other beginnings of atomic waste include the genteelness of new atomic fuel from U ( where already used fuel is reprocessed into new fission stuff ) , neutron activation of stuffs in the reactor ( where neutron radiation induces radiation in other stuffs, when the atomic nuclei gaining control free neutrons and go heavier and enter aroused provinces ) and besides from the remnant depleted U from the enrichment procedure. The atomic fuel package ( groups of rods dwelling of the uranium fuel beginning ) still contains much of the original U after being removed from the reactor, and this U does non fission easy. In add-on, assorted together with the U are transuranic elements every bit good as fission merchandises. Transuranic elemets are unstable elements with atomic Numberss greater than 92 that easy decay radioactively into other elements. They are formed from the neutrons responding with the U. It is finally through the procedure of atomic reprocessing that the mixture is separated through later screening the chemicals inside the used fuel. Due to the big differences in the measures of fuel used in the atomic and coal power Stationss, the waste output after the electricity has been generated is besides significantly different. In a 1000 MWw atomic reactor the about 27 metric tons taken from it each twelvemonth is extremely radioactive and gives off a batch of heat. A big part of this can be reprocessed and finally 97 % of the 27 metric tons is recycled. The staying 3 % , which equates to about 700 kilograms, is potentially risky, high-ranking radioactive waste and later has to be isolated from the environment for a really long clip. However, due to the little measure produced, it is comparatively easy to be controlled and disposed of in most instances. ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) This involves chiefly three processs: 1. Deep ocean disposal: Here containers made of borosilicate glass, a type of glass made from silicon oxide and B oxide which is accordingly opposition to sudden alterations in temperature ( temperature dazes ) , are filled up with atomic waste. The glass prevents any atomic radiation from leaking out and is to boot enclosed in another water-tight metal container before being dumped into the ocean. If decently manintaned these containers should be leak-proof, despite guess there is a guess that little hints of radiation is still able to get away from these containers. 2. Deep geological entombment: This method uses containers similar to those in deep ocean disposal system but, in this instance, they are buried deep resistance, off from populated countries. Here, the disposal of the waste depends on the construct of natural decay of the radioactive stuff in order to be successful. By burying the stuff the intent is to let it to disintegrate to a safe degree of radiation, which will of course be determined by the half life of that substance. 3. Nuclear waste recycling: This is a new is a new waste disposal method where chemical procedures will be used to divide U, Pu and other fission merchandises into different watercourses utilizing chemical procedures and later allows the merchandises to be re-used or disposed of more easy. These procedures are to a great extent regulated by world-wide authoritiess and should, if conducted decently, non ensue in any possible hazards for the environment or human wellness. Again it can be seen, as with the safety of power Stationss, that atomic power merely becomes a menace if the proper protocols and already established safety processs are non followed right due to human mistake. In a 1,000 MWe coal-burning power station, nevertheless, about 7 million metric tons of C dioxide is produced each twelvemonth, with an extra 200,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide- both of which are a major beginning of atmospheric pollution. In add-on other waste merchandises are besides produced from the combustion of coal, including every bit much as 200,000 metric tons of fly ash ( which contains assorted toxic metals ) , carcinogens and mutagens ( substances that can do malignant neoplastic disease or lead to familial alterations ) every bit good as natural radioactive substances ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) . In fact, harmonizing to a study on â€Å" Scientific American † online by Hvistendahl ( 2007 ) the fly ash carries 100 times more radiation into the environing environment than a atomic power works bring forthing the same sum of energy and the estimated radiation doses of people populating near the coal workss investigated were equal to or higher than doses fo r people populating around the atomic installations. A study by the Clean Air Task Force ( 2001 ) has found that all right atom pollution from U.S. power workss consequences in the decease of over 30,000 people each twelvemonth, and about two-thirds ( over 18,000 ) of these deceases could be prevented if sulfur dioxide and N oxide pollution are reduced by at least 75 per centum below 1997 emanation levels- a undertaking greatly likely with the use of atomic power. These changeless waste modus operandis can present important environmental and wellness menaces even great distances from the power station, if action is non instantly taken in cut downing the emanations. A few such effects include acerb rain caused by the release of S dioxide, which could ensue harvest decease and depletion of micro-organisms in dirt as the H2O seeps resistance in add-on to the release of unsafe chemicals which have been stored in substances in the dirt and can respond with the acid. Global heating could besides result- where nursery gases from industries contribute to greater volumes of heat being trapped by the ambiance, altering clime forms and hence besides impacting the migration of disease transporting beings, forestalling harvest growing and ensuing in biodiversity and ecosystem services loss which would be one million millions of Rand to provide manually. Any method of bring forthing electricity would affect at least some kind of waste merchandise. The lone ground why atomic waste causes so much argument is that it is the lone method of energy production where the procedure of waste disposal can is done manually and the costs are met by the power manufacturer themselves- unlike coal workss which merely emit wastes into the air. Harmonizing to the World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) the atomic power presently prevents an extra 2.4 billion metric tons of C dioxide emanations from being released each twelvemonth.A Safer AlternativeNuclear mergerAs already discussed the construct of atomic merger would besides present great advantages over current methods of power coevals from atomic beginnings. This merger of light atoms into 1s with heavier karyon, which releases big sums of energy was first theorized by Hans A. Bethe of Germany in 1939 ( Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 2010 ) who suggested that much of the Sun and others stars ‘ ener gy semens are derived from the merger of four H karyon, into a individual He karyon. Fusion is hard to accomplish, nevertheless, because of the C barrier. This is a type of energy barrier caused from the force that two karyons need to get the better of so they can acquire near adequate to each other to transport out atomic merger. The job is that the most suited merger fuels normally have the lowest C barriers, and are hence are the least stable. These include isotopes of hydrogen-deuterium ( 2H ) and tritium ( 3H ) . Consequently, scientists today are unable to make and incorporate a merger reaction to utilize as energy, and the creative activity of uncontained reactions would ensue in H bombs, which are highly unsafe to all human life. However one time engineering progresss to a point where containment and use of the energy produced during this procedure is executable, merger could supply huge benefits over current atomic and coal beginnings, these include: 1. Bing an abundant fuel supply, as already discussed- heavy hydrogen can be easy extracted from normal H2O beginnings and is hence available to all states. In add-on, tritium is produced from Li, which can be obtained from many geological sedimentations or in oceans- therefore supplying many extra old ages of usage. These copiousnesss would raise world-wide concerns on fuel exhaustion and depletion. ( Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1999 ) 2. No atomic accident risk- in theory, the sums of heavy hydrogen and tritium to be used in reactors are so little that big uncontrolled release of energy should non be possible. However, in the instance of accidents, the plasma blast should be restricted by the containment vas and finally cool down. 3. No air pollution- Like atomic fission, since no dodo fuels are used, there is no emanation of gases or particulate affair from burning of fuel. 4. No high-ranking atomic waste- the procedure of merger produces no fission merchandises and hence do non present managing and disposal jobs. Radioactivity is, nevertheless, produced by neutrons interacting with the reactor construction, but should stuffs be selected carefully selected, the handling and ultimate disposal of activated stuffs should be minimized significantly. 5. No menace of atomic weaponry- it is non possible to utilize the stuffs and byproducts of merger as atomic arms.DrumheadIn consideration of the above consequences, a sum-up of findings have been presented in table 6 below. Table 6: Table demoing the advantages and disadvantages of atomic power, every bit good as justification that support its usage above conventional beginnings Advantages Disadvantages Justification when compared to other energy beginnings Cheap in the long term Large start-up cost Due to the little measures used, atomic fuel costs are much lower than that of coal Stationss Abundant fuel beginning High hazards: atomic accidents such as meltdowns could ensue in long term worldwide impacts Nuclear power Stationss mortality rates are significantly lower than those of coal Stationss and coal excavation Energy content of fuel is high- 1 kg uranium-235 corresponds to 2.7 million kilograms coal equivalent Susceptible to terrorist onslaughts Reactor containment vass should protect against big perturbations New ordinances and Torahs have been established to minimise the hazard. Small measures of waste produced- merely 3 % of the one-year 27 metric tons of waste produced is non reclaimable, coal produces 7 million metric tons of C dioxide and 200,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a twelvemonth Hazardous waste: Waste is radioactive and has to be contained and isolated from human populations for every bit long as 10 000 old ages before it is safe once more Correct containment processs should guarantee safety during disposal and handling The extent of public wellness affected by emanations of particulate affair from coal burning is much larger Low emanations of particulate affair and nursery gases Radiation produced could be harmful for environing communities Fly ash from coal emanations contribute merely every bit much radiationDiscussionThe consequences yielded by this survey accurately show the comparative effectivity of atomic power as an energy beginning. As demonstrated in table 2 and table 3 the comparative cost of electricity from atomic power beginnings will be significantly lower than that produced from most other beginnings, despite the building procedure being reasonably capital-intensive. In add-on, change overing to this beginning reduces dependance on fuel monetary values for finding energy costs ( fig 1 ) . Since atomic power utilizations such little measures of fuel, an addition in costs would hold to be sustained for reasonably long periods in order to hold important impacts of the overall costs of electricity coevals. Furthermore, the research by Howden ( 2007 ) and the OCED Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2007 ) suggest important benefits when utilizing atomic power in footings of the sustainability. These beginnings demonstrate that the current militias of U, used in atomic power, would be able to supply dependable energy for far longer than the current coal militias which are expected to be exhausted within the following century. The energy content of U has besides been found to be far greater than that of coal, giving more than 10 000 times the energy in the natural province ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) . The difference in the comparative measures of fuel required by the different power Stationss is important as good, with far less measures of U being needed to bring forth the same energy ( European Nuclear Society ( n.d ) . Linked to this is the construct of safety. This is possibly the most good covered issue refering atomic power, with many people believing that atomic Stationss pose significantly greater wellness hazards than those of coal Stationss. However, harmonizing to the consequences, this would non look to be true. The causes of many of the most well-known atomic catastrophes have really been attributed, chiefly, to human mistake as good and hapless design of reactors in the yesteryear ( Moore,2006 and Carbon, 2003 ) . In add-on, far greater mortality has been reported in the coal excavation industry and coal-related electricity coevals than in that of atomic power, as supported by research of Ball, et al. , ( 2001 ) presented in table 5. Harmonizing to the consequences, the waste output of atomic power is besides much smaller. Therefore, these wastes can be much easier controlled and disposed of if sufficient ordinances and processs are in topographic point. The methods of atomic waste disposal, in add-on, are besides purely controlled and should be sufficient to forestall environmental devastation or negative human wellness hazards. Although the wastes produced in atomic power coevals are much more unsafe in little sums than the coal emanation equivalent, the significantly greater measures of coal emanations have really resulted in a much larger impact on wellness. In add-on, as research by Hvistendahl ( 2007 ) shows, through the emanation of fly ash, coal firing power Stationss can really ensue in radiation in populations environing the emanation station being equal to that of atomic power Stationss. Furthermore, coal power station besides poses extra hazards due to the content of emanation from burning. These include Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide which could ensue in acid rain and respiratory jobs and besides contribute significantly to the nursery effect- pin downing more heat in the ambiance and finally taking to planetary heating. Consequences have besides shown that the procedure of atomic merger can offer extra benefits over current atomic power coevals techniques. By offering a greater energy denseness and cut downing the sums of waste yielded in the process- atomic power has the potency for going even more efficient. In add-on, the fuel used in this procedure has besides been found to be more abundant than both coal and U and hence change overing to this medium would offer a much more sustainable beginning of power to the full universe.DecisionIt seems clear from the consequences that atomic power would be a executable option to conventional methods of power coevals. In fact, use of this medium could supply important benefits over current energy beginnings. Nuclear power has been shown to bring forth electricity much more economically and faithfully than assorted other fuels. The big copiousnesss of U, the atomic fuel beginning, and the highly little comparative measures required for bring forthing the same energy as in a coal power station offer great benefits when sing the wellness hazards experienced during big graduated table excavation, managing and conveyance of great volumes of coal. In add-on, consequences have shown that safety of atomic power Stationss is, in fact, much higher than those of coal workss and that if the established processs and ordinances are followed right, atomic power should present no important hazards to human wellness. Furthermore, the methods of atomic waste disposal and the ordinances that govern the procedure are extended. Consequences have shown that conventional energy coevals produces much greater waste than atomic power, although this is non ever as apparent. The use of atomic power has hence become a great necessity as ever-increasing degrees of nursery gases pose intensifying hazards for human wellness in the long term. The frights refering the possible negative impacts from radiation produced during the energy coevals in atomic power workss can besides non substantiated since coal Stationss have been shown to do similar effects. Finally, atomic power has besides shown great potency for future efficiency. The find of atomic merger offers an highly low waste, abundant and extremely energy dense option to conventional beginnings. This means that, as engineering progresss, atomic power will present even greater effectivity and in bend offer greater benefits, in footings of cost, energy production ability, safety and waste produced, than current beginnings of power coevals doing it indispensable to sustainable human endurance in the hereafter.